Glommish/Middle
Nouns
Strong vocalic declensions
The -a declension
This declension has as counterparts the second declension (us/um) of Latin, and the omicron declension (os/on) of Greek. It contains masculine and neuter nouns.
| dag; daga day m. |
čind; činda child m. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
| Nominative | dag | – | daga | –a | čind | – | činda | –a |
| Genitive | dagys | –ys | daga | –a | čindys | –ys | činda | –a |
| Dative | dagy | –y | dagym | –ym | čindy | –y | čindym | –ym |
| Instrumental | daga | –a | -- | -- | činda | –a | -- | -- |
Examples of masculine nouns declined like dag "day": berg "mountain", weg "way", gȳst "spirit", kuning "king".
The -ja declension
This declension was really just the -a declension with a j immediately preceding. However, due to various sound laws, a new declension subcategory has arisen that does not exactly follow the form of the plain -a declension. Similar developments occurred in Greek and the Slavic languages, among others.
This declension has as counterparts the second declension nouns in (-ius/-ium) of Latin. The counterparts in Greek are some second declension nouns in (-ios/-ion), as well as many that show effects of palatalization (e.g., -zdos < *-gyos or *-dyos; -llos < *-lyos; -ptos < -*pyos; -ssos or -ttos < -*tyos; -airos/-eiros/-oiros < *-aryos/-eryos/-oryos; -ainos/-einos/-oinos < *-anyos/enyos/onyos; etc., and similarly for neuter nouns in -ion or *-yon). It contains masculine and neuter nouns.
| hirdь; hirdia herdsman, shephard m. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative | hirdь | –ь | hirdia | –ia |
| Genitive | hirdis | –is | hirdia | –ia |
| Dative | hirdi | –i | hirdim | –im |
| Instrumental | hirdia | –ia | -- | -- |
Sample nouns like hirdь: agent nouns in -arь (-aria), e.g. wahtarь (-aria) "watchman", lyrarь "teacher", andь "end", rīč "kingdom", bedь "bed", gytunž "language", finstarnys "darkness", herь "army" (genitive singular heries, dative singular heri).
The -wa declension
| snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa snow m. |
knio; knio knee n. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
| Nominative | snȳw, snȳ | – | snȳwa | –wa | knio | –o, – | knio | –o, – |
| Genitive | snȳwys | –wys | snȳwa | –wa | knewys | –wys | knewa | –wa |
| Dative | snȳwy | –wy | snewym | –ym | knewy | –wy | knewym | –ym |
The -ō declension
This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.
| dżāva; dżāvar gift f. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative | dżāva | –a | dżāvar | –ar |
| Genitive | dżāvar | –ar | dżāva | –a |
| Dative | dżāvaj | –aj | dżāvam | –am |
Sample nouns of this declension: dżāva "gift", jerþa "earth", ȳra "honor", tala "number", triwa "fidelity", korunga "temptation", hardiþa "hardness", mildiþa "compassion", ganāþa "favor", losiunga "deliverance", stunda "time".
Verbs
Hard-stem weak verbs
| tense | ik | þū | er/siu/et | wīr | jūr | sia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | liova | liovar | liovaþь | liovam | liovaþ | liovandь |
| present subjunctive | liova | liovas | liova | liovam | liovaþ | liovan |
| past indicative | liovada | liovader | liovade | liovadem | liovaded | liovaden |
| past subjunctive | liovadi | liovadir | liovadi | liovadim | liovadid | liovadin |
| imperative | - | liova! | - | - | liovaþ! | - |
| present participle | liovand | |||||
| past participle | liovad | |||||
Soft-stem weak verbs
| tense | ik | þū | er/siu/et | wīr | jūr | sia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | hȳlia | hȳlir | hȳliþь | hȳlim | hȳliþ | hȳlindь |
| present subjunctive | hȳlia | hȳlis | hȳli | hȳlim | hȳliþ | hȳlin |
| past indicative | hȳlida | hȳlider | hȳlide | hȳlidem | hȳlided | hȳliden |
| past subjunctive | hȳlidi | hȳlidir | hȳlidi | hȳlidim | hȳlidid | hȳlidin |
| imperative | - | hȳli! | - | - | hȳliþ! | - |
| present participle | hȳlind | |||||
| past participle | hȳlid | |||||
Strong verbs
| tense | ik | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | wrīta | wrītirь | wrītidь | wrītym | wrītid | wrītyndь |
| present subjunctive | wrīta | wrītyr | wrīty | wrītym | wrītyd | wrītyn |
| past indicative | wrȳt | wrȳst | wrȳt | writym | writyd | writyn |
| past subjunctive | writi | writir | writi | writim | writid | writin |
| imperative | - | wrīt! | - | - | wrītyd! | - |
| present participle | wrītynd | |||||
| past participle | writyn | |||||
| tense | ik | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | čeusa | čiusir | čiusiþь | čeusym | čiusid | čeusyndь |
| present subjunctive | čeusa | čeusyr | čeusy | čeusym | čeusyd | čeusyn |
| past | kaus | kaust | kaus | kurym | kuryd | kuryn |
| past subjunctive | kuri | kurir | kuri | kurim | kurid | kurin |
| imperative | - | čiusь! | - | - | čiusid! | - |
| present participle | čeusynd | |||||
| past participle | kuryn | |||||
| tense | ik | þū | ir/sī/it | wīr | jūr | ija |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | binda | bindirь | bindiþь | bindym | bindid | bindyndь |
| present subjunctive | binda | bindyr | bindy | bindym | bindyd | bindyn |
| past | band | banst | band | bundym | bundyd | bundyn |
| past subjunctive | bundi | bundir | bundi | bundim | bundid | bundin |
| imperative | - | bind! | - | - | bindid! | - |
| present participle | bindynd | |||||
| past participle | bundyn | |||||