Weddish/Diachronics

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PIE (-4500)

Cowgill's Law

Osthoff's Law

Sievers's law

Proto-Celtic (-800)

Proto-Celtic consonants
Type  Bilabial   Alveolar   Palatal   Velar  Labial–
velar
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ŋʷ)
Plosive b t d k ɡ ɡʷ
Fricative ɸ s
Approximant l j w
Trill r


  • then kʷ/p/_ (P-Celtic)

Vowels

  • i iː
  • e
  • a aː
  • o oː
  • u uː

 




 

Proto-Germanic (-500)


  • Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, Primärberührung
Proto-Germanic consonants
Type Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial–
velar
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ŋʷ)
Stop p b t d k ɡ ɡʷ
Fricative ɸ (β) θ (ð) s z x (ɣ)
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Vowels

  • i iː ĩ ĩː
  • e eː
  • ɛː ɛːː
  • ɑ ɑː ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː
  • ɔː ɔːː ɔ̃ː ɔ̃ːː
  • u uː ũ ũː
ô (aka ɔːː) became -a in ON and OE, but -oin OHG
-ǭ became -a in OHG but -e in OE
-ōn became -ōn in OHG but -an in OE

Through Roman Times

Western Germanic

Ingvaeonic and Irminonic

  • /ɛː/, also written ǣ, to ā
  • umlaut
  • z/r/V_V
  • demonstrative this
  • C/C²/_j West Germanic gemination

Decision Time!

  • V/Ã/_NF Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (vowel + nasal + voiceless fricative = nasal-vowel + fric.)

Insular Celtic

a.k.a Brittonic

  • keep am and an
  • u/gw/#_
  • s/h/#_V
  • s//#_[lmn]
  • sp/f/#_
  • sr/fr/#_
  • sw/xw/#_
  • P/B/V_V Voiceless stops become voiced stops in intervocalic position
  • B/Z/V_V Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants in an intervocalic position
  • B/Z/_L Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants before liquids
  • P/F/_[LV] Geminated voiceless plosives transformed into spirants before a vowel or liquid
  • P/F/L_ Voiceless stops become spirants after liquids
  • B//N_ Voiced stops were assimilated to a preceding nasal

later ɣ/j/_