Weddish/Diachronics

PIE (-4500)

Cowgill's Law

Osthoff's Law

Sievers's law

Proto-Celtic (-800)

Proto-Celtic consonants

Type	Bilabial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Labial– velar
Nasal	m		n				(ŋ)		(ŋʷ)
Plosive		b	t	d			k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ
Fricative	ɸ		s
Approximant			l		j				w
Trill			r

• then kʷ/p/_ (P-Celtic)

Vowels

• i iː
• e
• a aː
• o oː
• u uː

 

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Proto-Germanic (-500)

• Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, Primärberührung

Proto-Germanic consonants

Type	Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Labial– velar
Nasal		m				n				(ŋ)		(ŋʷ)
Stop	p	b	t	d					k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ
Fricative	ɸ	(β)	θ	(ð)	s	z			x	(ɣ)	xʷ
Approximant					l			j				w
Trill						r

Vowels

• i iː ĩ ĩː
• e eː
• ɛː ɛːː
• ɑ ɑː ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː
• ɔː ɔːː ɔ̃ː ɔ̃ːː
• u uː ũ ũː

ô (aka ɔːː) became -a in ON and OE, but -oin OHG

-ǭ became -a in OHG but -e in OE

-ōn became -ōn in OHG but -an in OE

Through Roman Times

Western Germanic Ingvaeonic and Irminonic /ɛː/, also written ǣ, to ā umlaut z/r/V_V demonstrative this C/C²/_j West Germanic gemination Decision Time! V/Ã/_NF Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (vowel + nasal + voiceless fricative = nasal-vowel + fric.)

Insular Celtic a.k.a Brittonic keep am and an u/gw/#_ s/h/#_V s//#_[lmn] sp/f/#_ sr/fr/#_ sw/xw/#_ P/B/V_V Voiceless stops become voiced stops in intervocalic position B/Z/V_V Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants in an intervocalic position B/Z/_L Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants before liquids P/F/_[LV] Geminated voiceless plosives transformed into spirants before a vowel or liquid P/F/L_ Voiceless stops become spirants after liquids B//N_ Voiced stops were assimilated to a preceding nasal later ɣ/j/_