Eḥeiθymmen Amran
| Eḥeiθymmen Amran [ɛçˈejθ.ym:.ɛn ˈam.ran] | |
| Creator: | Daniel Quigley |
| Spoken in: | Amran |
| World: | Leaves Stories |
| Total Speakers: | ~ 18,000,000 |
| Basic word order: | Strict V2 |
| Morphological Type: | Fusional |
| Morphosyntactic Alignment: | Ergative-Absolutive |
| Inspirations: | Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English |
| Status: | In Progress |
| Link to full documentation: | *forthcoming* |
Eḥeiθymmen Amran is an a priori artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. Eḥeiθymmen Amran or just Eḥeiθymme or Amranuwwa is the dominant language of the people of Amran.
Eḥeiθymme is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. Eḥeiθymme readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.
Eḥeiθymme is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. Eḥeiθymme is an Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, and has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
Eḥeiθymme has five major places of articulation and seven manners of articulation, and yields twenty-five consonants in total.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m = [m] | n = [n] | |||||
| Stop | unvoiced | p = [p] | t = [t] | k = [k] | |||
| voiced | b = [b] | d = [d] | g = [g] | ||||
| Affricate | unvoiced | c = [t͡ʃ] | |||||
| voiced | j = [d͡ʒ] | ||||||
| Fricative | sibilant | unvoiced | s = [s] | ʃ = [ʃ] | |||
| voiced | ʒ = [ʒ] | ||||||
| non-sibilant | unvoiced | f = [f] | θ = [θ] | ḥ = [ç] | x = [x] | h = [h] | |
| voiced | v = [v] | ð = [ð] | ɣ = [ɣ] | ||||
| Semi-vowel | w = [w] | y = [j] | |||||
| Lateral | l = [l] | ||||||
| Rhotic | r = [r] | ||||||
Vowels and Diphthongs
Eḥeiθymme has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.
The short vowels are the following: i, e, a, y, u. These have the following values:
- i = [i]
- e = [ɛ]
- a = [a]
- y = [y]
- u = [u]
The long vowels are the following: ī, ē, ā, ȳ, ū. These have the following values:
- ī = [i:]
- ē = [ɛ:] ~ [e]
- ā = [a:]
- ȳ = [y:]
- ū = [u:]
Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].
Eḥeiθymme has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: ei, ey, au. These have the following values:
- ei = [ej]
- ey = [eɥ]
- au = [aw]
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | i = [i] ī = [i:] |
y = [y] ȳ = [y:] |
u = [u] ū = [u:] |
| Mid | e = [ɛ] ~ [e] ē = [ɛ:] ~ [e:] |
||
| Open | a = [a] ā = [a:] | ||
| Diphthongs | ei = [ej], ey = [eɥ], au = [aw] | ||
Prosody and Stress
Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.
The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.
1. If the word at most contains:
- three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
- two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
- one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.
2. If the word contains:
- more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
- a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.
Sound Change
There exists four general rules of sound change in Eḥeiθymme, two of which involve the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.
1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel.
- t → θ
- d → ð
- p → f
- b → v
- k → x
- g → ɣ
- h → ḥ = ç
- c → ʃ
- j → ʒ
2. The consonant moves to its voiced counterpart in the environment that it follows an appropriate nasal.
- t → d / n_
- p → b / m_
- k → g / n_
- c → j / n_
3. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.
- u → y / ...i...
- a → e / ...i...
4. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.
- y → i / _C
- w → u / _C
Morphology
Eḥeiθymme is characterized by a nonconcatenative morphology, or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an Eḥeiθymme origin are made to follow Eḥeiθymme's morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, Eḥeiθymme is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.
Verbs
Verbs in Eḥeiθymme are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.
Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the copula, of which there exists both a positive and a negative copula. Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used when constructing moods.
Tense
Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.
Eḥeiθymme distinguishes between three aspects: the Perfective aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the Imperfective aspect indicates a continuous action; the Perfect aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.
- The structure of the Perfective is: -12ā3
- The structure of the Imperfective is: -1a23
Eḥeiθymme distinguishes two times: the Past time indicates actions in the past; the Non-Past time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.
1. Perfective Past Tense
The Perfective Past Tense indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time. Additionally, this is the default literary tense in Eḥeiθymme.
2. Imperfective Past Tense
The Imperfective Past Tense indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.
3. Imperfective Non-Past Tense
The Imperfective Non-Past Tense indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.
4. Perfect Past Tense
The Perfect Past Tense indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.
5. Perfect Non-Past Tense
The Perfect Non-Past Tense indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.
Mood
Voice
Infinitive
Conjugation
Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult.
- α is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
- β is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
- V is the primary verb
- subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
- subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
- subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb
- superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
Additionally, to see an example of an inflected word, included in the paradigms is the 1st person singular inflection for the root N-Y-L, which refers to writing.
| Non-Past Time | Past Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective Aspect | α alanyāl | ||
| Imperfective Aspect | β eleneil β+copula + β elereið eleneil |
α+copula + β alaryād eleneil | |
| Perfect Aspect | β+copula + α elereið alanyāl |
α+copula + α alaryād alanyāl | |
| Non-Past Time | Past Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective Aspect | am-α am-alanyāl | ||
| Imperfective Aspect | β-copula + β alaamn eleneil |
α-copula + β alammān eleneil | |
| Perfect Aspect | β-copula + α alaamn alanyāl |
α-copula + α alammān alanyāl | |
| Non-Past Time | Past Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective Aspect | αmodal + Vinfinitive alamwāt nayal | ||
| Imperfective Aspect | βmodal + Vinfinitive alamauθ nayal β+copula + βmodal + Vinfinitive elereið alamauθ nayal |
α+copula + βmodal + Vinfinitive alaryād alamauθ nayal | |
| Perfect Aspect | β+copula + αmodal + Vinfinitive elereið alamwāt nayal |
α+copula + αmodal + Vinfinitive alaryād alamwāt nayal | |
| Non-Past Time | Past Time | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfective Aspect | am-αmodal + Vinfinitive am-alamwāt nayal | ||
| Imperfective Aspect | β-copula + βmodal + Vinfinitive alaamn alamauθ nayal |
α-copula + βmodal + Vinfinitive alammān alamauθ nayal | |
| Perfect Aspect | β-copula + αmodal + Vinfinitive alaamn alamwāt nayal |
α-copula + αmodal + Vinfinitive alammān alamwāt nayal | |
| α | β | α | β | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st | alanyal | eleneil | 1st | eleinyel | eleineil | |
| 2nd | inyel | ineil | 2nd | inyel | ineil | |
| 3rd | anyal | eneil | 3rd | einyel | eineil | |
| 4th | antanyal | enteneil | 4rd | antanyal | enteneil | |
| Subjunctive | Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st | alanyul | elenüil | 1st | eleinyül | eleinüil | |
| 2nd | inyül | inüil | 2nd | inyül | inüil | |
| 3rd | anyul | eneil | 3rd | einyül | eineil | |
| 4th | antanyul | entenüil | 4th | antanyul | entenüil | |
| Imperative | Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st | 1st | eleinyeli | eleinüili | |||
| 2nd | inyeli | inüili | 2nd | inyeli | inüili | |
| 3rd | 3rd | |||||
| 4th | entenyüli | entenüili | 4rd | entenyüli | entenüili | |
Nouns
| α | β | α | β | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st | Inclusive | alanyal | eleneil | 1st | Inclusive | eleinyel | eleineil | |
| Exclusive | alanyal | eleneil | 1st | Exclusive | eleinyel | eleineil | ||
| 2nd | Formal | inyel | ineil | 2nd | Formal | inyel | ineil | |
| inyel | ineil | 2nd | inyel | ineil | ||||
| 3rd | anyal | eneil | 3rd | einyel | eineil | |||
| 4th | antanyal | enteneil | 4rd | antanyal | enteneil | |||