Indo-Semitic
Indo-Semitic (placeholder name) preserves the PSem dual and cases, unlike other Semitic languages. Notably, it shifted the head-initial grammar of Proto-Semitic to a more agglutinative and head-final grammar.
Nouns
Nouns have two genders, three numbers (the dual was retained from Proto-Semitic), and 8 to 10 cases depending on the dialect. The nominative, accusative and genitive were inherited from Proto-Semitic, and additional cases were formed by suffixing inflected pronouns (for example, beetilu 'the house (dative)' from *bayti-lahu 'the house (gen), for it').
The construct state was lost.
The cases are:
- nominative
- accusative
- genitive
- dative
- lative~instrumental
- locative
- ablative
- superessive
- comitative (not in all dialects)
- terminative (not in all dialects)
Masculine nouns: beet 'house'
- nom beet, beetaam, beetuum
- acc beeta, beetama, beetima
- gen beeti, beetami, beetiimi
- dat beetilu, beetallan, beetillen
- lat/ins beetinu, beetannan, beetinnen
- loc beetibu, beetabban, beetibben
- abl beetiltu, beetaltan, beetilten
- sup beetileu, beetallehan, beetillehen
- com beetemu, beetaman, beetimen
- term beetadu, beetaddan, beetidden
Feminine nouns: šarrat 'queen'
- nom šarrat, šarrataam, šarraat
- acc šarrata, šarratama, šarraata
- gen šarrati, šarratami, šarraati
- dat šarratila, šarratallan, šarraatillen
- lat/ins šarratina, šarratannan, šarraatinnen
- loc šarratiba, šarratabban, šarraatibben
- abl šarratilta, šarrataltan, šarraatilten
- sup šarratilia, šarratallehan, šarraatillehen
- com šarratima, šarrataman, šarratimen
- term šarratadu, šarrataddan, šarraatidden
-naft = emphatic