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Phonology
Grimm's law
Also Verner's law?
get hon. sg. (nouns) -er ~ hon. sg. (verbs) -s, s-
Morphology
The auxiliary
Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh
- direct imperfect: vor ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, mar ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
- direct perfect: lōkh ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, vizha ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
- direct irrealis: zhar't ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before
| imperfect | perfect | irrealis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pos. | neg. | pos. | neg. | pos. | neg. | |
| direct (verbal) | bō ʕar | bō mad ʕar | li ʔōkʷ | bō ašgā | jar kʷãt | bãy |
| question | ʔam | ʔam yankʷid | ʔōkʷ | ʔōkʷ rāk | ʔam nayd | ʔam tuhar nayd |
| relativizer (direct) | bī | dō bī | bī ʔōkʷ | dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk | bī kʷãt | dō bī kʷãt |
| relativizer (indirect) | čʼã | dō čʼã | čʼã ʔōkʷ | dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk | čʼã jar kʷãt | dō čʼã jar kʷãt |
| complementizer | ʔit | dō rāk ʔikʷ | ʔit hin | dō rāk hin | napā | dō jar rā ʔikʷ |
| if (real) | čīr | čīr rāk ʔikʷ | čīr hin | čīr rāk hin | (ʔam) kʷid ʔit | yankʷid rā ʔikʷ |
| if (irreal or less vivid) | rū ʕar ʔit | rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ | rū ʕar bō hin ʔit | rū ʕar rāk hin | rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit | rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ |
Syntax
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
- Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)