User:Ashucky/Sketches
Ememir (Sumerian conlang)
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ĝ [ŋ] | ||
| Plosive | p [pʰ/p] b [p/b] | t [tʰ/t] d [t/d] | k [kʰ/k] g [k/g] | ||
| Fricative | s [s] | š [ʃ] | h [x] | ||
| Affricate | z [t͡s] (r̂ [t͡sʰ]) | ||||
| Approximant | (y/i [j] ?) | (w/u [w] ?) | |||
| Trill | r [r/ɾ] | ||||
| Flap or tap | (r̂ ?) | ||||
| Lateral app. | l [l] |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i] (ī [i:] ?) | u [u] (ū [u:] ?) |
| Mid | e [e] (ē [e:]?) | (o [o] (ō [o:] ?) ?) |
| Open | a [a] (ā [a:] ?) | |
Grammar
Nouns
Characteristics
NOMINAL CHAIN:
1) [NOUN] + [ADJECTIVE + POSSESSIVE/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + PLURAL (e/i)n(e)] + [CASE]
2) [PRONOUN] + [CASE]
Plurals:
- -(e)n(e) for human and -(i)n(e) for non-human
- reduplication (stands for "all the X", mostly non-human) > full or partial
Cases
| Substantives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Suffixes | Notes | |
| Human | Non-h. | ||
| Genitive | -ak/-a/-k | ||
| Ergative | -e | subject of transitive verbs (agent) | |
| Absolutive | -Ø | subject of intransitive verbs (argument); object of transitive verbs (patient) | |
| Dative | -ra/-r | -/? | indirect object; complementary with locative (or directive?) for non-human |
| Directive | -/? | -e > -ye | motion arriving at, position next to; indirect obejct (non-human) |
| Locative | -/? | -a > -ya | motion into, position inside; rarely used for human |
| Locative 2 | -/? | -ne | |
| Terminative | -še | motion towards | |
| Adverbiative | -eš | in the manner of < "how?" | |
| Ablative | -ta | place/time from where (non-human); instrument; from the place of X (human) | |
| Comitative | -da > -ga | with/and, in company | |
| Equative | -gen | like/as | |
Declension
| Case | king (h) | mother (h) | tree (n) | city (n) | kings (h) | mothers (h) | trees (n) | cities (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | lugala(k) | ama(k) | ĝeša(k) | eri(k) | lugalena(k) | amana(k) | ĝešina(k) | erina(k) |
| Ergative | lugale | amae | ĝeše | erie | lugalenē | amanē | ĝešinē | erinē |
| Absolutive | lugal | ama | ĝeš | eri | lugalen(ē) | aman(ē) | ĝešin(ē) | erin(ē) |
| Dative | lugalra/lugalar | amar(a) | ĝešra/ĝešar | erir(a) | lugalenēr(a) | aman̄ēr(a) | ĝešinēr(a) | erinēr(a) |
| Directive | lugalye | amaye | ĝešye | eriye | lugalen[ē]ye | aman[ē]ye | ĝešin[ē]ye | erin[ē]ye |
| Locative | lugalya | amaya | ĝešya | eriya | lugalen[ē]ya | aman[ē]ya | ĝešin[ē]ya | erin[ē]ya |
| Terminative | lugalše/lugalaš | amaše | ĝešše/ĝešaš | eriše | lugalen[ē]še | aman[ē]še | ĝešin[ē]še | erin[ē]še |
| Adverbiative | lugaleš | amaeš | ĝešeš | erieš | lugaleneš | amanēš | ĝešinēš | erinēš |
| Ablative | lugalta | amata | ĝešta | erita | lugalen[ē]ta | aman[ē]ta | ĝešin[ē]ta | erin[ē]ta |
| Comitative | lugalga | amaga | ĝešga | eriga | lugalen[e]ga | aman[ē]ga | ĝešin[ē]ga | erin[ē]ga |
| Equative | lugalgen | amagen | ĝešgen | erigen | lugalen[ē]gen | aman[ē]gen | ĝešen[ē]gen | erin[ē]gen |
Pronouns
Personal
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ĝe | den |
| 2nd | ze | zen |
| 3rd | ane; ibe | anene; (ibine) |
Possessive
| Absolutive | Genitive | Locative | Ergative | Directive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | -ĝu | -ĝa | -ĝya | -ĝu | -ĝye |
| 2sg | -zu | -za | -zya | -zu | -zye |
| 3sg | -(a)ni; -bi | -(a)na; -ba | -(a)nya; -bya | -(a)ne; -be | -(a)nye; -bye |
| 1pl | -me | -ma | -mya | -me | -mye |
| 2pl | -zene | -zena | -zenya | -zene | -zenye |
| 3pl | -(a)nne; -bīne | -(a)nna; -bīna | -(a)nnya; -bīnya | -(a)nne; -bīne | -(a)nnye; -bīnye |
Examples:
- lugalĝu - my king : lugalme - our king
- lugalzu - your king : lugalzene - your king
- lugalani - his/her king : lugalanne - their king
- lugalbi - its king : lugalbīne - their king
- lugalĝune - my kings : lugalmenē - our kings
- lugalzune - your kings : lugalzenenē your kings (zenene > zennē?)
- lugalaninē - his/her kings : lugalannenē - their kings
- lugalbinē - its kings : lugalbīnenē - their kings (binene > bīnnē?)
Other
Interrogative:
- ana - what > anašam - why ~ anam - why
- aba - who
- agin - how ~ anagin - how
- mea - where > meše - whither, meta - whence
- (ud - when) ?
Indefinite:
- name any > luname - some(one), any(one), no (one), none, niĝname - something, anything, nothing, kiname - somewhere, nowhere, uname - sometime, never
Reflexive:
- ne(te) - self > neĝu - myself, nezu - yourself, nebi - itself, neteni - himself
Relative: -- ? --
- lu - the person (who)
- niĝ - the thing (which)
- ki - the place (where)
- aba - (the one) who
- ana - (that) which
Demonstrative:
- nen - this > -ne/ney
- -bē - that
- -ri - yonder
- ur/yur - that
Adjectives
Numerals
Verbs
Other
Vocabulary
| Vocabualry | ||
|---|---|---|
| Conlang | Sumerian | English |
| lugal | lugal | king |
| eri | iri/eri | city, town |
Examples
- dumu - son (absolutive)
- dumuni - her/his son (possessive + absolutive)
- dumune - by her/his son (possessive + ergative)
- dumube - by that son (demonstrative + ergative)
- dumun - sons (absolutive)
- dumu-dumu - all the sons (reduplication + absolutive)
- dumu turra - for the small son (adjective + dative case (-ra))
- dumu turani - his/her small son (adjective + possessive + absolutive)
- dumu turbira - for that small son (adjective + demonstrative + dative)
- dumu turenēr(a) - for the small sons (adjective + plural + dative)
- dumuninēr(a) - for his/her sons (possessive + plural + dative)
- dumu turbēnēda - with those small sons (adjective + demonstrative + plural + comitative case (-da))