Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms
Semivowel stems
ı-stems
áubıī́ - attack, strike
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | áubivs! | áubins! |
| 2 | áubi! | áubirs! | áubils! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | áubıī | áubidir | áubima |
| 1.in | - | áubivse | áubinse |
| 2 | áubir | áubirse | áubilse |
| 3/4.m | áubi | áubīr | áubivi |
| 3/4.f | áubīs | áubiti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | áubín | áubisid | áubimi |
| 1.in | - | áubitar | áubitā |
| 2 | áubír | áubirith | áubilith |
| 3/4.m | áubís | áubisrí | áubisví |
| 3/4.f | áubisar | áubistí | |
| Future | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | áubī́n | áubī́dir | áubī́ma |
| 1.in | - | áubī́vse | áubī́nse |
| 2 | áubī́r | áubī́rse | áubī́lse |
| 3/4.m | áubī́ | áubī́ri | áubiī́vi |
| 3/4.f | áubī́s | áubī́ti | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | áubıī́ | áubirdá | áubimir |
| 1.in | - | áubivt | áubint |
| 2 | áubıī́r | áubirt | áubilt |
| 3/4.m | áubimá | áubīrá | áubiħá |
| 3/4.f | áubīsá | áubitá | |
*w-stems
qervī́ - pack, condense
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | qéruvs! | qéruns! |
| 2 | qéry! | qérurs! | qéruls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qérvī | qérudir | qéruma |
| 1.in | - | qéruvse | qérunse |
| 2 | qérur | qérurse | qérulse |
| 3/4.m | qéry | qervir | qéruvi |
| 3/4.f | qérvis | qéruti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qerún | qérusid | qérumi |
| 1.in | - | qérutar | qérutā |
| 2 | qerúr | qérurith | qérulith |
| 3/4.m | qerús | qerusrí | qerusví |
| 3/4.f | qérusar | qerustí | |
| Future | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qervḗn | qervḗdir | qervḗma |
| 1.in | - | qervḗvse | qervḗnse |
| 2 | qervḗr | qervḗrse | qervḗlse |
| 3/4.m | qervḗ | qervḗri | qervḗvi |
| 3/4.f | qervéis | qervḗti | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qervī́ | qerurdá | qérumir |
| 1.in | - | qéruvt | qérunt |
| 2 | qervī́r | qérurt | qérult |
| 3/4.m | qerumá | qervirá | qeruħá |
| 3/4.f | qervisá | qerutá | |
Labial obstruent stems
-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-
duobī́ - to be assembled
Coronal obstruent stems
*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems
{*t *d *tʰ *s}
- > s / _t
- > r / _d
qvothī́ - shout
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | qvóthyvs! | qvóthyns! |
| 2 | qvóth! | qvóthyrs! | qvóthyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qvóthī | qvórdir | qvóthma |
| 1.in | - | qvóthyvse | qvóthynse |
| 2 | qvóthyr | qvóthyrse | qvóthylse |
| 3/4.m | qvóthe | qvóthir | qvóthvi |
| 3/4.f | qvóthis | qvósti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qvothýn | qvóssid | qvóthmi |
| 1.in | - | qvóstar | qvóstā |
| 2 | qvothýr | qvóthrith | qvóthlith |
| 3/4.m | qvóss | qvosrí | qvosví |
| 3/4.f | qvóssar | qvostí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | qvothī́ | qvothyrdá | qvóthmir |
| 1.in | - | qvóthyvt | qvóthynt |
| 2 | qvothī́r | qvóthyrt | qvóthylt |
| 3/4.m | qvothmá | qvothirá | qvothħá |
| 3/4.f | qvothisá | qvostá | |
*z-stems
fáerī́ - interlock, jam
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | fáéryvs! | fáéryns! |
| 2 | fáér! | fáéryrs! | fáéryls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | fáérī | fáérdir | fáérma |
| 1.in | - | fáéryvse | fáérynse |
| 2 | fáéryr | fáéryrse | fáérylse |
| 3/4.m | fáére | fáerir | fáérvi |
| 3/4.f | fáéris | fáésti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | fáerýn | fáéssid | fáérmi |
| 1.in | - | fáéstar | fáéstā |
| 2 | fáerýr | fáérrith | fáerlith |
| 3/4.m | fáess | fáesrí | fáesví |
| 3/4.f | fáéssar | fáestí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | fáerī́ | fáeryrdá | fáérmir |
| 1.in | - | fáéryvt | fáérynt |
| 2 | fáerī́r | fáéryrt | fáérylt |
| 3/4.m | fáermá | fáerirá | fáerħá |
| 3/4.f | fáerisá | fáestá | |
*ʒ-stems
néuzī́ - pound, stamp
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | néuryvs! | néuzyns! |
| 2 | néuz! | néuzyrs! | néuzyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | néuzī | néurdir | néurma |
| 1.in | - | néuryvse | néuzynse |
| 2 | néuzyr | néuzyrse | néuzylse |
| 3/4.m | néuze | néuzir | néuzvi |
| 3/4.f | néuzis | néusti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | néuzýn | néussid | néurmi |
| 1.in | - | néustar | néustā |
| 2 | néuzýr | néurrith | néurlith |
| 3/4.m | néuss | néusrí | néusví |
| 3/4.f | néussar | néustí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | néuzī́ | néuzyrdá | néurmir |
| 1.in | - | néuryvt | néuzynt |
| 2 | néuzī́r | néuzyrt | néuzylt |
| 3/4.m | néurmá | néuzirá | néurħá |
| 3/4.f | néuzisá | néustá | |
*ç- and *ƶ-stems
{*ç, *ƶ}
- > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
- > s / _*C[+coronal +chricative/achchricate]
- > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
- > th, ð otherwise
rȳthī́ - classify, categorize
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | rȳ̌thyvs! | rȳ̌thyns! |
| 2 | rȳ̌th! | rȳ̌thyrs! | rȳ̌thyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | rȳ̌thī | rȳ̌chdir | rȳ̌thma |
| 1.in | - | rȳ̌thyvse | rȳ̌thynse |
| 2 | rȳ̌thyr | rȳ̌thyrse | rȳ̌thylse |
| 3/4.m | rȳ̌the | rȳ̌thir | rȳ̌thvi |
| 3/4.f | rȳ̌this | rȳ̌chti | |
| Past perchective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | rȳthýn | rȳ̌ssid | rȳ̌thmi |
| 1.in | - | rȳ̌chtar | rȳ̌chtā |
| 2 | rȳthýr | rȳ̌thrith | rȳ̌thlith |
| 3/4.m | rȳ̌ss | rȳsrí | rȳsví |
| 3/4.f | rȳ̌ssar | rȳstí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | rȳthī́ | rȳthyrdá | rȳ̌thmir |
| 1.in | - | rȳ̌thyvt | rȳ̌thynt |
| 2 | rȳthī́r | rȳ̌thyrt | rȳ̌thylt |
| 3/4.m | rȳthmá | rȳthirá | rȳthħá |
| 3/4.f | rȳthisá | rȳchtá | |
Velar stems
C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]
uogī́ - err, miss
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | ǔogyvs! | ǔogyns! |
| 2 | ǔog! | ǔogyrs! | ǔogyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | ǔogī | ǔochdir | ǔogma |
| 1.in | - | ǔogyvse | ǔogynse |
| 2 | ǔogyr | ǔogyrse | ǔogylse |
| 3/4.m | ǔoge | ǔogir | ǔogvi |
| 3/4.f | ǔogis | ǔochti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | uogýn | ǔocsid | ǔogmi |
| 1.in | - | ǔochtar | ǔochtā |
| 2 | uogýr | ǔogrith | ǔoglith |
| 3/4.m | ǔocs | uocsrí | uocsví |
| 3/4.f | ǔocsar | uocstí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | uogī́ | uogyrdá | ǔogmir |
| 1.in | - | ǔogyvt | ǔogynt |
| 2 | uogī́r | uogyrt | ǔogylt |
| 3/4.m | uogmá | uogirá | uogħá |
| 3/4.f | uogisá | uochtá | |
Guttural stems
Radical stems
*q-stems
*ʁ-stems
*qʰ-stems
*ʔ-stems
*ʔ
- > [ː~] / V_CV
- > [~ː] / V_CC
hēseī́ - feel, emote
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | hēsḗvs! | hēsḗns! |
| 2 | hēsé! | hēsḗrs! | hēsḗls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | hēséī | hēséddir | hēsémma |
| 1.in | - | hēsḗvse | hēsḗnse |
| 2 | hēséyr | hēsḗrse | hēsḗlse |
| 3/4.m | hēsé | hēséìr | hēsévvi |
| 3/4.f | hēséìs | hēsétti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | hēseýn | hēséssid | hēsémmi |
| 1.in | - | hēséttar | hēséttā |
| 2 | hēseýr | hēsérrith | hēséllith |
| 3/4.m | hēséss | hēsēsrí | hēsēsví |
| 3/4.f | hēséssar | hēsēstí | |
| Future | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | hēseḗn | hēseḗdir | hēseḗma |
| 1.in | - | hēseḗvse | hēseḗnse |
| 2 | hēseḗr | hēseḗrse | hēseḗlse |
| 3/4.m | hēseḗ | hēseḗri | hēseḗvi |
| 3/4.f | hḗseéis | hḗseḗti | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | hēseī́ | hēsērdá | hēsémmir |
| 1.in | - | hēsḗvt | hēsḗnt |
| 2 | hēseī́r | hēsḗrt | hēsḗlt |
| 3/4.m | hēsemmá | hēseìrá | hēsēħá |
| 3/4.f | hēseìsá | hēsettá | |
*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems
*{m, n, l, r}ʔ
- > mp, {n, l, r}t
- > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
híltī́ - imply, make transparent
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shílgular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | híltyvs! | híltyns! |
| 2 | hílt! | híltyrs! | híltyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shílgular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | híltī | híldir | híltma |
| 1.in | - | híltyvse | híltynse |
| 2 | híltyr | híltyrse | híltylse |
| 3/4.m | hílte | híltir | híltvi |
| 3/4.f | híltis | hílti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shílgular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | híltýn | hílsid | híltmi |
| 1.in | - | híltar | híltā |
| 2 | híltýr | híltrith | híltlith |
| 3/4.m | híls | hílsrí | hílsví |
| 3/4.f | hílsar | hílstí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shílgular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | híltī́ | híltyrdá | híltmir |
| 1.in | - | híltyvt | híltynt |
| 2 | híltī́r | híltyrt | híltylt |
| 3/4.m | híltmá | híltirá | híltħá |
| 3/4.f | híltisá | híltá | |
h-stems
*{m, n, l, r}h-stems
*{m, n, l, r}h
- > mf, {n, l, r}th
- > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | ínthyvs! | ínthyns! |
| 2 | ínth! | ínthyrs! | ínthyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | ínthī | índir | ínthma |
| 1.in | - | ínthyvse | ínthynse |
| 2 | ínthyr | ínthyrse | ínthylse |
| 3/4.m | ínthe | ínthir | ínthvi |
| 3/4.f | ínthis | ínti | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | inthýn | ínsid | ínthmi |
| 1.in | - | íntar | íntā |
| 2 | inthýr | ínthrith | ínthlith |
| 3/4.m | íns | insrí | insví |
| 3/4.f | ínsar | instí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | inthī́ | inthyrdá | ínthmir |
| 1.in | - | ínthyvt | ínthynt |
| 2 | inthī́r | ínthyrt | ínthylt |
| 3/4.m | inthmá | inthirá | inthħá |
| 3/4.f | inthisá | intá | |
Irregular verbs
Suppletive verbs
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.
vā́cī́ - copula
| Imperative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | vā́cyvs! | vā́cyns! |
| 2 | vâc! | vā́cyrs! | vā́cyls! |
| Present | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | (vā́cī) | (vā́chdir) | (vā́cma) |
| 1.in | - | (vā́cyvse) | (vā́cynse) |
| 2 | (vā́cyr) | (vā́cyrse) | (vā́cylse) |
| 3/4.m | (vā́ce) | (vā́cir) | (vā́cvi) |
| 3/4.f | (vā́cis) | (vā́chti) | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | ðín | ðírid | ðími |
| 1.in | - | ðítar | ðítā |
| 2 | ðír | ðírith | ðílith |
| 3/4.m | ðís | ðisrí | ðisví |
| 3/4.f | ðísar | ðistí | |
| Past perfective | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | ynðín | ynðírid | ynðími |
| 1.in | - | ynðítar | ynðítā |
| 2 | ynðír | ynðírith | ynðílith |
| 3/4.m | ynðís | ynðisrí | ynðisví |
| 3/4.f | ynðísar | ynðistí | |
| Jussive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | vā́cī́ | vā́cyrdá | vā́cmir |
| 1.in | - | vā́cyvt | vā́cynt |
| 2 | vā́cī́r | vā́cyrt | vā́cylt |
| 3/4.m | vā́cmá | vā́cirá | vā́cħá |
| 3/4.f | vā́cisá | vā́chtá | |
merī́ - 'exist'
Reduplicating stems
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.