Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin/Proto-Ăn Yidiș

In Apple PIE, Middle Irish spread across the entire British Isles, also gaining a foothold on Brittany by the 9th century. Proto-Ăn Yidiș was the form of this 9th-century Breton Middle Irish dialect adopted by the local Jews and is the common ancestor of all present-day Ăn Yidiș dialects. It was phonologically close to the Cîzon (before vowel length was lost) and grammatically (morphologically) volatile; the nominative, genitive and vocative are still in use but the dative and the accusative have disappeared. The auxiliary system has been stabilized but with some slightly different forms or prepositions depending on the Ăn Yidiș dialect.

Todo

Todo: Reconstruct Proto-Tsarfati Hebrew before and after filtering through Proto-Ăn Yidiș phonology. Before they used TibH but with an o /o(:)/ vs ů /u(:)/ distinction in cholam; TibH /u/ was /ü(:)/. TibH style allophonic vowel length should go through the filter, hence leading to QG o vs QQ ă (בתים is still botim since it was a qamatz gadol)

Proto-Ăn Yidiș still had unstressed /ɔː/ (/ɔː/ comes from Middle Irish á and Proto-Tsarfati Hebrew allophonically long qamatz [ɔː]): e.g. */'amətɔːn/ 'fool' and */'χanʊ̈kʰɔː/ 'Hanukkah'. Many later dialects including Ăn Căyzon reduce it to /ə/.

הדג החי שוחה במים [haddO:g ha:Ha:j su:χE: bammO:jim]

é > ej is blocked before ř hence Ireland is Eřă in Modern Standard ĂnY

Phonology

Consonants: p b t d ć dź ķ ģ k g f s š h v j ğ m n ň ł l r ř

Vowels: at least ə a e i u ü o å ea é í oa ů ű aj ej əj oj uj üj au iə uə üə /ə a ɛ ɪ ʊ ʊ̈ ʌ ɔː eə e: i: oə u: ü: aj ej əj oj uj üj aw iə uə/, unstressed short ə i ü /ə ɪ ʊ̈ yə/

Fully devoiced stop system (that's why tet and qoph are d and g)

Depalatalization of slender consonants in similar contexts as in Polish/Czech

Labials partly depalatalize, partle become bj pj mj fj vj

mh > nasal vowel + v

Slender c g = still palatal stops; slender t d = Mandarin q j (This explains why zayin/tsade were mapped to slender d/t); iotated t/d = čh č (merges with slender t d in Ăn Căyzon, but merges with slender c/g in some dialects)

Final slender ch > -h

Broad r/rr = /r/, slender r/rr = Czech ř (which sometimes dissimilates to r)

broad l/ll = dark L, slender l/ll = l like in Polish;

ň for slender nn but everything else becomes n

• a = /a/, [æ] before slender
• ann all arr = /auR/
• à = /ɔː/
• e = /ɛ/
• è, eu = /ɛː/ > /eə/ (before broad C), /ɛː/ (before slender C)
• é = /e:/ > /ej/ in some conditions/dialects
• e before broad mh > /ja/
• eaRR = /jɔː/, /eə/
• eo = /jʌ/ when short, /jo:/ when long
• i = /i/
• ì = /i:/
• ia, iRR = /iə/
• iù = /y:/
• o = /ʌ/
• ò, oRR = /O:/ > /oə/
• ó = /o:/ > /u:/
• u = /u/
• ù = /ü:/
• ua = /uə/
• ao = /əj/

Grammar

Nouns

Proto-Ăn Yidiș lost the neuter gender and the dual number, and had at least the nominative and the genitive. It's unknown whether the vocative survived outside a few words. The accusative and dative were replaced by the nominative; the genitive now marked definite objects of verbal nouns much like Hebrew את. Possessives began to be marked with the an X a(i)g Y construction.

The reason that the genitive case became unstable in Proto-Ăn Yidiș is usually explained as a result of an influx of Hebrew words, which had no obvious separate genitive forms that didn't rely on mutations or articles.

mak 'son' // əm mak // ə viķ // miķ // nə miķ // nəm mak (בן // הבן // את הבן // בנים // הבנים // את הבנים)

levər 'book' // əl levər // əl levəř // levəř // nə levəř // nən levər

knauv 'bone' (cnov in Standard; cnowv or cnav in dialects) // ən knauv // ə xnauvə // knauvənə // nə knauvənə // nən knauvən (broad/slender neutralized)

éd 'witness' // ənt éd (> אן ה-עד in dialectal Ăn Yidiș) // ən éd, ən édə (the -ə is related to irish 3rd declension gen sg) // édím // nə hédím // nən édím

kalůg 'little bride' // ə xalůg // nə kalůģə // kalůgən // nə kalůgən // nən kalůgən

mićvå 'mitzvah' // ə vićvå // nə mićvå // mićvůs // nə mićvůs // nəm mićvůs

saviň (samhain) became taviň

Verbs

*Tå mi nej ih (< *Tá mé i ndiaidh ith 'I am after eating') became the default construction for the past perfective (cf. German).