Verse:Irta/Humpback Whelsh
Llyn gweim dô fyn Mór fîl (This page in Humpback Whelsh)
Humpback Whelsh (Mór fîl /mor˨˥ vil˦˥˩/) is a minority language in Crackfic Bjeheond, spoken in the region of Humpback Wales. It's a tonal language with a Welsh aesthetic.
Phonology
Consonants
Humpback Whelsh uses these consonants:
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | mh /m̥/ | nh /n̥/ | ngh /ŋ̊/ | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ngw /ŋʷ/ | |||||
| Plosive | aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | |||||
| unaspirated | b /p/ | d /t/ | g /k/ | gw /kʷ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ff, ph /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | si /ʃ/ | ch /χ/ | chw /xʷ/ | h /h/ | |
| voiced | f /v/ | dd /ð/ | |||||||
| Trill | voiceless | rh /r̥/ | |||||||
| voiced | r /r/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | voiceless | ll /l̥~ɬ/ | |||||||
| voiced | l /l/ | i /j/ | w /w/ | ||||||
Unlike in Welsh, the consonants written mh nh ngh are true voiceless nasals.
Finals
Humpback Whelsh allows these finals: -b, -d, -g, -m, -n, -ng, -l and -r. The first three are unreleased stops /-p̚ -t̚ -k̚/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | y /ɨ/ | w /w/ |
| Mid | e /e/ | (ə) | o /o/ |
| Open | a /a/ |
| Diphthongs | Second component | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First component | front | central | back |
| close | wy /ʊi/ | iw /ɪu/, yw /ɨu/ | |
| mid | ei /əi/, oe /ɔi/ | eu /əɨ/ | ew /ɛu/ |
| open | ae /aɨ, ɑːɨ/ | aw /au/ | |
The schwa /ə/ is written y and shows up in unstressed words.
Tones
Humpback Whelsh has four contrastive tones: level, rising, falling and peaking.
| Tone | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level | llyr (blow) | /ɬɨr˧/ | |
| Rising | séng (place) | /seŋ˨˥/ | |
| Falling | chà (assist) | /xa˨˩/ | May be slightly creaky voiced. |
| Peaking | rhêud (pebble) | /r̥eɨt̚˦˥˩/ | |
Mutations
Humpback Whelsh uses three kinds of initial consonant mutations for derivational purposes: the soft (chweul teb mỳng), the nasal (chweul teb nhẁd) and the aspirate (chweul teb sŷr) mutations.
| Consonant | b | d | g | gw | p | t | c | ll | rh | m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | f | dd | Ø | w | b | d | g | l | r | f |
| Nasal | m | n | ng | ngw | mh | nh | ngh | ll | rh | m |
| Aspirate | b | d | g | gw | ph | th | ch | ll | rh | m |
Morphology
Classifiers
Syntax
Numbers
0. ngéud 1. ỳd 2. cêng 3. rhâw 4. nod 5. thẁy 6. lleb 7. sèun 8. fen 9. llawr 10. hwr 11. chwàed 12. góed 144. máe 1728. ddẃyl 1728^2. óng