Laefêvëši/Pronouns

Laefêvëši has many types of pronouns.

Substantival pronoun

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns - singular
Case	Singular
	1st person				2nd person				3rd person				4th person (obviative)
	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.
Nominative	ós	ó			sé	é			jâ; dô	â; ô			léis	lî
Genitive	vrái	va	vá-	vn-	stái	sa	sá-	sn-	trái	ta	tá-	tr-	láu	la	lá-	sk-
Dative	vríu	vi	ví-	vl-	stíu	si	sí-	sl-	tríu	ti	tí-	tl-	léu	lø	lǿ-	st-
Accusative	vréi	ve	vé-	vj-	stéi	se	sé-	sj-	tréi	te	té-	tj-	léi	le	lé-	sh-
Locative	vrúi	vu	vú-		stúi	su	sú-		trúi	tu	tú-		lúi	lu	lú-
Instrumental	vrói	vo	vó-		stói	so	só-		trói	to	tó-		lóu	lo	ló-

Personal pronouns - dual
Case	Dual
	1st person								2nd person								3rd person				4th person (obviative)
	Inclusive				Exclusive				Inclusive				Exclusive
	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.
Nominative	hát	hâ			xás	xâ			tál	tâ			dál	dâ			kóe	kû			féis	fî
Genitive	hrái	ha	há-	hr-	hrái	xa	xá-	šn-	tjái	tja	tjá-	hk-	drái	da	dá-	dr-	krái	ka	ká-	kr-	fáu	fa	fá-	fr-
Dative	hríu	hi	hí-	hl-	hríu	xi	xí-	šl-	tjéu	tjø	tjǿ-	ht-	dríu	di	dí-	dv-	kríu	ki	kí-	kl-	féu	fø	fǿ-	fl-
Accusative	hréi	he	hé-	hj-	hréi	xe	xé-	šj-	tjéi	tje	tjé-	hv-	dréi	de	dé-	dj-	kréi	ke	ké-	kj-	féi	fe	fé-	fj-
Locative	hrúi	hu	hú-		hrúi	xu	xú-		tjúi	tju	tjú-		drúi	du	dú-		krúi	ku	kú-		fúi	fu	fú-
Instrumental	hrói	ho	hó-		hrói	xo	xó-		tjói	tjo	tjó-		drói	do	dó-		krói	ko	kó-		fóu	fo	fó-

Personal pronouns - plural
Case	Plural
	1st person								2nd person								3rd person				4th person (obviative)
	Inclusive				Exclusive				Inclusive				Exclusive
	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.
Nominative	jûn	û			jôr	jô			pál	pâ			bál	bâ			rjôn	rî			géis	gî
Genitive	njái	na	ná-	vr-	rái	ra	rá-	rv-	prái	pa	pá-	pr-	brái	ba	bá-	br-	rjái	ja	já-	gr-	gáu	ga	gá-	šk-
Dative	njéu	nø	nǿ-	lj-	réu	rø	rǿ-	rl-	príu	pi	pí-	pl-	bríu	bi	bí-	bv-	rjéu	jø	jǿ-	gl-	géu	gø	gǿ-	št-
Accusative	njéi	ne	né-	nj-	réi	re	ré-	rj-	préi	pe	pé-	pj-	bréi	be	bé-	bj-	rjéi	je	jé-	gj-	géi	ge	gé-	šj-
Locative	njúi	nu	nú-		rúi	ru	rú-		prúi	pu	pú-		brúi	bu	bú-		rjúi	ju	jú-		gúi	gu	gú-
Instrumental	njói	no	nó-		rói	ro	ró-		prói	po	pó-		brói	bo	bó-		rjói	jo	jó-		góu	go	gó-

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
Case	Reflexive				Reciprocal
	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.	Long	Short	Prep.	Verb.
Nom.	-		nî-	-	-		nû-	-
Gen.	náu	ma	má-	mn-	nûde	dja	djá-	zn-
Dat.	néu	mø	mǿ-	ml-	nûdo	djø	djǿ-	zl-
Acc.	néi	me	mé-	mj-	nûda	dje	djé-	zj-
Loc.	núi	mu	mú		nûdi	dju	djú-
Inst.	nóu	mo	mó-		nûdu	djo	djó-

Other pronouns

Other pronouns
Case	Interrogative		Relative		Relative unspecified		Indefinite		Negative		Unspecified
	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate
Nom.	sél	séi	sól	sós	sóles	sóxes	tél	téi	tól	tóh	sêl	síu
Gen.	sái	sák	sói	sók	sóies	sóges	tái	ták	tói	tók	sáu	sâk
Dat.	sán	sát	sór	sót	sóres	soðes	tán	tás	tór	tós	sân	sât
Acc.	séu	sét	sóu	sút	sóues	súðes	téu	tés	tóu	tús	sǿn	sǿt
Loc.	sén	sém	són	sóm	sóŋes	sôŋes	tén	tém	tón	tóm	sên	sêm
Inst.	sín	sím	sún	súm	súŋes	sûŋes	tín	tím	tún	túm	sýn	sým

Other pronouns
Case	Total		Manifold
			la- (many)		xa- (many)		ta- (few)		ja- (rarely)
	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate
Nom.	fél	féi	lás	lîn	xás	xîn	tás	tîn	jás	jîn
Gen.	fái	fâk	lái	lák	xái	xák	tái	ták	jái	ják
Dat.	fân	fât	lán	lár	xán	xár	tán	tár	ján	jár
Acc.	féu	fét	lýn	lýs	xýn	xýs	týn	týs	jýn	jýs
Loc.	fén	fém	lén	lém	xén	xém	tén	tém	jén	jém
Inst.	fîn	fím	lûn	lûm	xûn	xûm	tûn	tûm	jûn	jûm

Combinations

Indefinite-relative

The combined indefinite-relative pronouns are pronouns made from an indefinite and a relative pronoun. Pronouns are inflected by case and therefore cannot be the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time. The usual construction is to use two pronouns separated by a comma, thus forming two clauses. With combined indefinite-relative pronouns, it becomes possible to use a single pronoun which is both the object and the subject of two different verbs at the same time.

Example:

• How can you miss something (that) you never had?
• Váj fíllallén tés, sók énnanaiŋe?
• Váj fíllallén téssok énnanaiŋe?

Indefinite-realative combinations
Cases	Indefinite	Relative	Indefinite-relative
Nom + Nom	téi	sós	teós
Nom + Gen	téi	sók	teók
Nom + Acc	téi	sút	teút
Acc + Nom	tés	sós	téssos
Acc + Gen	tés	sók	téssok
Acc + Acc	tés	sút	téssut

Personal-summative

This kind of pronouns correspond to English we all, you all, they all pronouns. In contrary to other personal pronouns, personal-summative pronouns do not have a verbal form.

Personal-summative combinations
Case	Personal-summative (plural)
	1st person								2nd person								3rd person				4th person (obviative)
	Inclusive				Exclusive				Inclusive				Exclusive
	Long	Short	Prep.		Long	Short	Prep.		Long	Short	Prep.		Long	Short	Prep.		Long	Short	Prep.		Long	Short	Prep.
Nominative	skjûn	skû			skjôr	skjô			stjál	stjâ			stál	stâ			kvôn	kvî
Genitive	skjái	skja	skjá-		skái	ska	ská-		stjái	stja	stjá-		stái	sta	stá-		kvái	kva	kvá-
Dative	skjéu	skjø	skjǿ-		skéu	skø	skǿ-		stjéu	stjø	stjǿ-		stíu	sti	stí-		kvéu	kvø	kvǿ-
Accusative	skjéi	skje	skjé-		skéi	ske	ské-		stjéi	stje	stjé-		stéi	ste	sté-		kvéi	kve	kvé-
Locative	skjúi	skju	skjú-		skúi	sku	skú-		stjúi	stju	stjú-		stúi	stu	stú-		kvúi	kvu	kvú-
Instrumental	skjói	skjo	skjó-		skói	sko	skó-		stjói	stjo	stjó-		stói	sto	stó-		kvói	kvo	kvó-

Adjectival pronouns

Personal possessive pronouns

Alienable possession
Person		Singular				Dual				Plural
		Long	Short	Clitic		Long	Short	Clitic		Long	Short	Clitic
				voc.	non-v.			voc.	non-v.			voc.	non-v.
1st person	Inclusive	sóiri	sóu-	sój-	sjó-	háiri	háu-	háj-	hjá-	júiri	jóu-	nój-	njó-
	Exclusive					xáiri	xáu-	xáj-	xjá-	jôiri	jôu-	nôj-	njô-
2nd person	Inclusive	séiri	séu-	séj-	sjé-	táiri	táu-	táj-	tjá-	páiri	páu-	páj-	pjá-
	Exclusive					dáiri	dáu-	dáj-	djá-	báiri	báu-	báj-	bjá-
3rd person		jáiri	jáu-	náj-	njá-	kóiri	kóu-	kój-	kjó-	rjóiri	rjóu-	rjój-	rjó-
4th person		léiri	léu-	léj-	ljé-	féiri	féu-	féj-	fjé-	géiri	géu-	géj-	gjé-

Inalienable possession
Person		Singular				Dual				Plural
		Long	Short	Clitic		Long	Short	Clitic		Long	Short	Clitic
				Voc.	Non-v.			Voc.	Non-v.			Voc.	Non-v.
1st person	Inclusive	sǿiri	sǿu-	sǿj-	sjǿ-	šáiri	šáu-	šáj-	šjá-	núiri	nóu-	nýj-	njý-
	Exclusive					žáiri	žáu-	žáj-	žjá-	nǿiri	nǿu-	nǿj-	njǿ-
2nd person	Inclusive	sĕiri	sĕu-	sĕj-	sjĕ-	cáiri	cáu-	cáj-	cjá-	fáiri	fáu-	fáj-	fjá-
	Exclusive					ʒáiri	ʒáu-	ʒáj-	ʒjá-	váiri	váu-	váj-	vjá-
3rd person		máiri	máu-	máj-	mjá-	kǿiri	kǿu-	kǿj-	kjǿ-	rjǿiri	rjǿu-	rjǿj-	rjǿ-
4th person		lĕiri	lĕu-	lĕj-	ljĕ-	fĕiri	fĕu-	fĕj-	fjĕ-	gĕiri	gĕu-	gĕj-	gjĕ-

Reflexive possessive pronoun

The forms of the reflexive possessive pronoun are:

• long: nîjiri
• short: nîu-
• vocalic: nîj-
• non-vocalic: njî-

Non-personal adjectival pronouns

Others

Other adjectival pronouns
	Qualitative				Relational				Possessive				Quantitative
	Full	Short	Clitic	English	Full	Short	Clitic	English	Full	Short	Clitic	English	Full	Short	Clitic	English
Interrogative	vréisi	vréi-	-	what kind (of)	vráili	vráe-	-	what, which	lúiri	lúu-	-	whose	þámjē		-(n)aþ+GEN	how much, how many
	kréisi	kréi-	-	to what extent
Relative	réisi	réi-	-	the kind that	ráili	ráe-	-	which, that, who	lǿiri	lǿu-	-	whose	þĕtjē		-	as much
					á
Unspecified	vréisi	vréi-	-	what kind (of)	vráili	vráe-	-	what, which	lúiri	lúu-	-	whose	þámjē		-	how much, how many
Relative unspecified	préisi	préi-	-	whatever kind	práili	práe-	-	whichever	plúiri	plúu-	-	whosever	ƕĕtjē		-	however much
Indefinite	tréisi	tréi-	-	some kind of	nóili	nóe-	-	some(one)	tréiri	tréu-	-	someone's	tǿmjē		-	somewhat
Negative	skéisi	skéi-	-	of no kind	sáili	sáe-	-	noöne	skéiri	skéu-	-	noöne's
Total	fréisi	fréi-	-(n)øør -(n)ǿr	of every kind	fáili	fáe-	-(n)øøf -(n)ǿf	every(one)	fréiri	fréu-	-	everyone's	xôl		-(n)ooh -(n)óh	all
	méisi	méi-	-	of both kinds					míiri	míu-	-	of both	mí		-	both
Manifold	lavréisi	lavréi-	-	of many kinds	lavráili	lavráe-	-	many a	lalúiri	lalúu-	-	-
Differential	ljáisi	ljái-	-	different	láili	láe-	-	sbd/sth else, another
Equal	fáisi	fái-	-(n)aaf -(n)áf	of the same kind	táili	táe-	-	the same
Demonstrative	šáisi	šái-	-	of this kind	pól		-(n)ool -(n)ól	this	póiri	póu-	-	of this	týmjē		-	this much, this many
	čéisi	čéi-	-	of that kind	sól		-(n)oos -(n)ós	that	síiri	síu-	-	of that
					kjál		-(n)aak -(n)ák	yonder

The clitic forms are normally pronounced simply as long vowels, even though they are written as two. However, they can also be written as a single vowel with an accute above it - they are pronounced long but unstressed (secondary stress may still apply).

Demonstrative and summative pronouns

Demonstrative and summative pronouns
Number	Case	Demonstratives			Summative
		THIS	THAT	YONDER
Singular
	Nom.	pól(i)	sól(i)	kjál(i)	xôl
	Gen.	pái	sái	kjáde	xái
	Dat.	píu	síu	kjádo	xíu
	Acc.	péi	séi	kjáda	xéi
	Loc.	púi	súi	kjádi	xúi
	Inst.	pói	sói	kjádu	xói
Dual
	Nom.	pél(i)	sél(i)	kján(i)	xêl(i)
	Gen.	piái	siái	kjánde	xiái
	Dat.	pýe	sýe	kjándo	xýe
	Acc.	piéi	siéi	kjánda	xiéi
	Loc.	piúi	siúi	kjándi	xiúi
	Inst.	piói	siói	kjándu	xiói
Plural
	Nom.	pál(i)	sâl(i)	kjân(i)	xál(i)
	Gen.	pâs(i)	sât(i)	kjâfe	xâs(i)
	Dat.	pît(i)	sît(i)	kjâfo	xît(i)
	Acc.	pés(i)	sét(i)	kjâfa	xét(i)
	Loc.	pût(i)	sût(i)	kjâfi	xût(i)
	Inst.	pós(i)	sót(i)	kjâfu	xós(i)
Clitic forms		-(n)ool -(n)ól	-(n)oos -(n)ós	-(n)aak -(n)ák	-(n)ooh -(n)óh