Verse:Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg

Majorcan
el Mijòrìje et teanga Mijòrìje teangatna
Pronunciation	[ə̟lmɪ̟jo̟r̻iːjə̟]
Created by	User:IlL
Setting	Verse:Irta
Native to	Majorca
Native speakers	1,300,000 (2022)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Arabic Irta Maghrebi Arabic Majorcan

Majorcan is an Irish-influenced historical Arabic variety spoken in the Irta timeline's Balearic Islands comprising the nation of Majorca (natively el Mijòr [ə̟lmɪ̟ˈjo̟ːɾ̻ʲ], from Latin (insula) major 'bigger island'), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. The native name for the language is el Mijòrìje or et teanga Mijòrìje, but speakers may simply call the language teangatna [ˈt̪ʰæ̃ːʔʶʌtʶʰnʶʌ] 'our language'. Its speakers almost always also speak English; Modern Standard Latin and Irish are also widely understood in Majorca. Majorcans are predominantly Catholic; some are Remonitionists or Muslims. Education is delivered in Majorcan up to secondary school level, and higher education is taught in English.

Its premise is essentially "Maltese but with Middle Irish and Classical Irish words (called Ȝagmìje, adjective form Ȝagmì) instead of Italian, and with some French and Nyvierfusiez loanwords". Some Irish vocabulary in Majorcan, called Nùa-Ȝagmìje 'neo-Ȝagmìje', are in fact coinages by Majorcans. It's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Knench is more Azalic-influenced, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography.

todo

Some vowel initial masculine nouns in Irish are borrowed with t-/T-

When does ʔimālah happen?

Formalize emphasis spreading

History

In Irta, the Balearic Islands was ruled by Muslim Arabs since the 10th century. An Irish clan took control of the islands by the 11th century, and established a vassal state of an Irta Medieval Irish kingdom which lasted until the 17th century when the Irta English Order of ___ took over. Majorca gained independence from the Irta English in 1940.

Majorca briefly occupied Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma).

The Irish vocabulary in Majorcan reflects a fictional Middle Irish dialect which shows features of modern Munster Irish (such as weight-sensitivity and stressed -ach and -acht) and our timeline's Scottish Gaelic; it's conservative in that broad dh (> Majorcan /zʶ/) is kept distinct from broad gh (> Majorcan /ʁ/). However, velarization was fairly strong for all broad consonants (explaining why Irish broad s and d were heard as /sˁ/ and /tˁ⁼/ by the Arabic speakers).

The first surviving text in Majorcan is dated to 1515.

Majorcan evolved from Proto-Majorcan, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:

qāf and ṭāʔ are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
ẓāʔ and ḍād are both [zˁ~ðˁ].
jīm is [ɟ~g].
has imāla after nonemphatics
- new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
- The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
  - Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
- Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
Some vestigial 2i3rāb (*-i for nouns but *-Ø for verbs)
C(+emph)C(-emph)C(+emph) root > C(+emph)C(+emph)C(+emph) root

Majorcan during or immediately after the period of Irish rule was markedly more grammatically conservative and more Irish-like than modern Majorcan. Today's Majorcan shows more English grammatical influence; for example it mainly uses the genitive preposition GaWW for possessive constructions, whereas older texts prefer a head-marked construction which requires the possessum to be in the construct state or take a possessive suffix.

Some Irish vocabulary in Majorcan (especially when created after the 17th century) are actually Majorcan coinages.

One Englishism: mā́nduhš Gújjə xuG = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Majorcanism in Irta English which shows up in Pacific English and a few British dialects but not in Quelftonian English)

Figures

Peadar Budı-Digēgı (Peadar Buddigèg) is an Irta Irish politician.
Dylan Alı Bejdāvī (Dilen el Bejẕàvi): speculative evolution worldbuilder
- Bejda (Bejẕa) is an Irta Majorcan town

Phonology

Consonants

Majorcan has an almost complete set of pairs of emphatic (leaṫaṉ [læħ̞ən̪ʶ]) and nonemphatic (caoḻ [q̟ʰɑjjəl̪ʶ]) consonants, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became /dʶ zʶ sʶ zʶ ɢ/) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis spreading).

Arabic /θ/ and /ð/ become Majorcan /d/ and /z/.

Consonant phonemes in Majorcan
		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Postalveolar	Dorsal		Glottal
		plain	uvularized	plain	uvularized	Postalveolar	prevelar	preuvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	mʶ	n̪	n̪ʶ		[ŋ˖]	[ɴ̟]
Stop	aspirated	pʰ	pʶʰ	t̪ʰ	t̪ʶʰ		k̟ʰ	q̟ʰ
Stop	unaspirated	b	bʶ	d̪	d̪ʶ		ɡ˖	ɢ̟~ʔʶ
Fricative	voiceless	f	fʶ	s̪	s̪ʶ	ʃ	x̟	χ˖	h
Fricative	voiced	v~β̞	vʶ~wʶ	z̪	z̪ʶ	ʒ	j	ʁ̟
Trill				r	rʶ
Lateral				l	l̪ʶ

Allophones or marginal phonemes include [hʶ] and [ʂʶ]; this article won't reflect these.

[ŋ̟ ɴ̟] occur as allophones of /n̪ n̪ʶ/ before dorsal stops. For speakers that realize /ɢ/ as a glottal stop, a preceding /nʶ/ is often realized as nasalization and lengthening of the preceding vowel.
/h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /ɑ/ or /æ/.
"Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops are weakly voiced (as in German and Irish) and are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant. Voiceless stops are also slightly longer than voiced ones. Emphatic voiced stops tend to be less voiced than their nonemphatic counterparts; /ɢ̟/ is particularly prone to devoicing. Voiced geminate stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated. Geminated and word-final aspirated stops are preglottalized. Word-final geminates surface as compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Irish and Hebrew).
Preuvular consonants are halfway between velar and uvular for most speakers but are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common for older speakers. /ɢ̟/ in contemporary urban Majorcan is turning into [ʔʶ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic q), even affecting Irish loans: teanga 'language' and guiḋe 'prayer' are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰænʶʔʶʌ] and [ˈʔʶʊ̠jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of Irta's Arab world bringing the glottal stop reflex of Arabic q.
/r/ is a lamino-alveolar or dental trill or flap. It is often pronounced as Czech ř or as [ʒ] by younger speakers.
/rʶ/ may be realized as [ɾʶ] or [ɹʷʶ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r.
t d T D n N L s S are lamino-dental.
Nonemphatic consonants (except /v h/) are slightly more palatalized in pausal position than in other conditions. /t d n l/ become laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ d̻ʲ n̻ʲ lʲ] when allophonically palatalized. Emphatic consonants are less strongly uvularized in pause.
/j/ is vocalized to [ɪ] in word-initial position before a consonant.
/v vʶ/ vocalize to [β̞ ~ẅ wʶ] when not before a vowel.

unasp stop + h > asp stop

asp stop + h > geminated asp stop

Vowels

Majorcan is usually analyzed as having 5 short monophthongs, 5 long monophthongs, and 4 diphthongs (not counting vowel + semivowel sequences) in stressed syllables. Some non-exhaustive common spellings for the vowels are given. Sometimes /æ/ and /ɑ/ and their long counterparts are analyzed as distinct phonemes, however this distinction is marginal.

Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg stressed vowel phonemes
	Front		Cemtral		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	ì /iː/			w, u(i), io /ü~ʊ/	ẁ, ù(i) /üː~uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	è /eː/			(e)o(i) /ɔ/	(e)ò(i) /oː/
Open	ea, ȝa [æ]	eà(i), ȝà [ä:~æː]	/a/	/aː/	a(i) [ɑ]	à(i) [ɑː]

Opening diphthongs: /eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ/

feg̱g̱èȝ /fəˈʔʶeɐ/ 'mushrooms'
g̱uħḏa /'ʔʶoɐhdʶə/ ['ʔʶoɐħ̞t̪ʶə] 'scarcity'
lìaṫ /liɐh/ [liɐħ̞] 'gray'
rùħ /rʶuɐh/ [rʶʊɐħ̞] 'self, soul'

Reduced vowels: /ə ɐ ɪ ü/

a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics

o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics

i is [ɪ̟] after nonemphatics, [ɪ̈] after emphatics

u is [ü] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics

/əj əv əvʶ/ is [ɛ̈j ə̟ẅ ɛ̈wʶ] after nonemphatics, [ɑj ɑẅ ɑwʶ] after emphatics (merging with /æj æw æwʶ/ after emphatics)

ea oa ia ua [eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ] result from CA (stressed) i u ī ū + pharyngeal consonant; some ia ua also come from Old Irish ía úa

unstressed a (IPA phonetic transcription /ɐ/) is similar to stressed a and result from Arabic 3ayn adjacent to an unstressed vowel; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ə̟] after a nonemphatic

3i 3ī 3u 3ū > aj aj aw aw

/C[emphatic]ə/ and unstressed /C[emphatic]ɐ/ merge for younger speakers; the vowel becomes [ɑ~ʌ].

/æ/ is spelled ea or (ȝ/ħ)a; /æ:/ is spelled eà or (ȝ/ħ)à

Reduction

Orthographic long vowels (à, eà, è, ì, ò, ù, w`) odd-numbered distances away from stress shorten: dùilìjèṫ 'elements' is /dʶu:li'je:h/

ì shortens to /i/
è/eà/à shorten to /ə/ or /i/ (-> /i/ between most nonemphatic_nonemphatic)
ù and ẁ shorten to /u/
ò shortens to /o/

Stress

Weight-sensitive (inherited from Arabic). A V rime is one mora, VC and V: are two morae, and VCC and V:C are three.

To determine stress, drop the final mora, and assign stress to the last heavy syllable (i.e. with more than 1 mora). In Ȝagmì words, nn ll rr in unstressed syllables may attract stress: fìrinne /fɪˈrɪn:ə/ 'truth'. Irish ṁ ḃ in an originally unstressed syllable are borrowed as underlying geminate /v(ʶ)/ which also attracts stress: ofigeṁail /ɔfɪˈɟɛwʶwʶəl/ 'official'.

Minimal pairs/Things to investigate

Emphatic vs nonemphatic

Common for Irish sg vs pl

levn (ləwn) 'color'; lòn (LəWN) 'lunch'
n vs N: nehr 'river', nathair 'snake' (near-minimal pair); rùṉ 'secret', rùin 'secrets'
r vs R: final CA r becomes R in verbs and r in nouns and adjectives (because of genitive -i)
- ȝas̱r 'vespers', ȝas̱ṟ 'squeeze.VN'
f vs F: g̱ahve (Gaffə) 'coffee', g̱av̱v̱ha (GaFFə) 'of her'
m vs M?
b vs B?
p vs P?

Vowels

[æ] and [ɑ] are distinctive in vowel-initial words and after /h/ (from Arabic a/Irish ea vs Irish a)
/æ:/ vs /ɒ:/: *ā after emphatic + hamza cluster (e.g. G̱uṟɂeàn)?
/e:/ vs /æ:/: find an example of *ā vs 3ayn colored *a
/ɛ/ vs /æ/?

Archiphonemes

Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
- Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable
Classical Arabic stressed /a/ becomes:
- If NOT next to a pharyngeal: /ɑ/ a after emphatic, /æ/ ea before emphatic but after nonemphatic, /ɛ/ e otherwise
- IF next to a pharyngeal: /ɑ/ after emphatic, /æ/ otherwise

Emphasis spreading

Occurs for affixes that are not marked for emphasis (from originally nonemphatic consonants). A stressed onset being emphatic will result in the corresponding prefixes being emphatic and a stressed coda being emphatic will result in suffixes being emphatic.

(The VN suffix -əXəZ is an exception since it is marked for emphasis)

Intonation

As Irishy as Maltese intonation is Italian

Orthography

Like many orthographies used in Irta, Majorcan orthography is based on the principles of etymological spelling and enabling many-to-one reading, with the latter taking precedence.

Ȝas̱xùr creiċe hije eḻ ḇuẕv̱a. (aSXū́r kréxə híjə əL-BúZWə) == A vulture is a bird of prey.

Emphatics denoted with underline

etymological a/ai/e/i for schwa in Irish loanwords

native vowels are written as palatalizing to be able to use different broadening strategies for Arabic and Irish vocab

/æ/ is spelled ea or (ȝ/ħ)a; /æ:/ is spelled eà or (ȝ/ħ)à
/ɑ/ is spelled a (not after pharyngeal); /ɑ:/ is spelled à

Alphabet

Aa: à
Bb: bè
Cc: cèf
Dd: dèl
Ee: è
Ff: fè
Gg: gìm
Ȝȝ: ȝajn
Γγ: γajn
Hh: hè
Ħħ: ħà /hæ:/
Xx: xà
Ii: ì
Jj: jè
Ll: lèm
Mm: mìm
Nn: nẁn
Oo: ò
Pp: pè
Rr: rè
Ss: sìn
Ɯɯ: ɯìn
Tt: tè
Ww: ẁ
Uu: ù leaṫaṉ
Vv: vèv
Zz: zejn
Grave accent: fada
Underline: leaṫnàn
Lenition dot on b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t: sèiṁeċaḋ

Spelling native consonants

(corresponding to underlying phonemes not realization)

hamza = (ɂ, like bā2) (letter name: hemze)
bā2 = b be bi bw beà bè bì bẁ bej bev
tā2 = t te ti tw teà tè tì tẁ tej tev
jīm = g ge gi gw geà gè gì gẁ gej gev
Hā2 = ħ ħa ħi ħu ħà ħì ħù ħaj ħav (letter name: ħàɂ)
khā2 = x xa xi xu xà xì xù xaj xav (letter name: xàɂ)
dāl, þā2 = d de di dw dè dì dẁ dej dev
Rā2 = (r, like khā2)
zāy, ðāl = (z, like bā2)
sīn = ɯ ɯe ɯi ɯw ɯè ɯì ɯẁ ɯej ɯev (letter name: ɯìn)
šīn = s se si sw sè sì sẁ sej sev
Sād = (s̱, like khā2)
Dād, Zā2 = (ẕ, like khā2)
Tā2 = (ḏ, like khā2)
3ayn = 3 3a 3i 3u 3à 3ì 3ù 3aj 3av (letter name: ȝajn)
ghayn = (γ, like khā2) (letter name: γajn)
fā2 = (f, like bā2)
qāf = (ǥ, like khā2)
kāf = (c, like bā2)
lām = (l, like bā2)
mīm = (m, like bā2)
nūn = (n, like bā2)
hā2 = (h, like bā2)
wāw = (v, like bā2)
yā2 = (j, like bā2)

Spelling Irish loans

Similar to our pre-reform Irish orthography, with lenition dots, and grave instead of acute

(sgàṫeàn [sʶʔʶʌˈhæːnʲ] 'mirror')

Irish loans that are inflected using Semitic morphology such as broken plurals are spelled as if native

Final broad consonants require underline

Morphology

Pronouns

ɂèn(e), int(i), hw(ve), hi(je), aħn(e), intwm, hwm(e); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
- In subject position, mir is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
object pronouns: ɂìje, ɂìc, ɂìjwh, ɂìhe, ɂìne, ɂìcwm, ɂìhwm (ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nə, ī́kum, ī́hum) (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-, the *-āt- is also found in the kămot- combining form for Heb kămo 'like')
- object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
- Ritcellim mir gil es̱-S̱ìn ɂìhe (ritkéllim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə) = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China

Nouns

sound plurals: m. -0 > -ìn (-ī́n), f. -e/-a (-ə) > -èṫ/-àṫ/-ìjèṫ (-ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh; irregular -t > -h in f pl ending)

m. pl. const. -ej (-əj)

f. sg. const. -et/-at (-it/-ət); f. pl. const. -èt/-àt/-ìjèt (-ḗt/-ṓt/-ijḗt)

nisba nouns (both native and from Irish -(a)iḋ): -(a)ì -(a)ìn (-i -ī́n), f. -(a)ìje -(a)ìjèṫ (-ījə -ijḗh)

emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic

guiḋe (Gújjə) 'prayer', guiḋeti (Gújjiti) 'my prayer'; guiḋetwh (Gujjituh) 'his prayer', guiḋèṫ (Gujjḗh) 'prayers'
teanga (táNGə) 'language', teangatai (táNGəTi) 'my language'; teangatuh (táNGəTuh) 'his language'; teangaḋ (taNGəZ) 'languages'
ḃennaċṯ (wəNNáXT) (f.) 'blessing', ḃennaċtai (wəNNáXTi) 'my blessing', etc.; ḃennaċtaìjèṫ (wəNNəXTijḗh) 'blessings'

In post-independence Majorcan, eḻ-guiḋe g̱av̱v̱i (əL-Gújjə GáWWi) is more common

todo: broken plurals

article eC- before sun letters (consain semsìje, KóNSin šəmšī́jə); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž

eḏ dùil (əD-Dūl) 'the element'
ed dèr (əd-dēr) 'the house'
eṯ ṯif̱l (əT-TíFəl) 'the boy'
et twffèħa (ət-tuffeahə) 'the apple'
es̱ s̱ajf (əS-Sajf) 'summer'
eɯ ɯene (əs-sénə) 'the year'
eẕ ẕuhr (əZ-Zúhər) 'noon'
ez zeȝrùl (əz-zaRū́l) 'the hawthorn'
eṟ Ranẕàn (əR-RəNZān) 'Lent'
er rìġ (ər-rī) 'the king'
eḻ luas̱ (əL-LuaS) 'the speed'
el levz (əl-ləwz) 'the almond'
eṉ naṫair (əN-Náhər) 'the snake'
en nèr (ən-nēr) 'the fire'
es sems (əš-šemš) 'the sun'
ež žwhneàl (əž-žuhnā́l) 'the journal'

Before moon letters (consain ǥamrìje, KóNSin Gəmrī́jə), the article is əL- before emphatic consonants and əl- before nonemphatic ones (including š, ž, h null).

Before s + stop clusters and clusters beginning with a resonant or a voiced fricative, the article becomes eli: eli sgàṫàn (əli-SGōhā́n) 'the mirror'

sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ik -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum

sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ḗk -ḗh -ḗhə -ḗnə -ḗkum -ḗhum

irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə, unless they are animate masculines

vlèdi, vlèdic, vlèdwh, vlèdhe, vlèdne, vlèdcwm, vlèdhwm (wlēdi, wlēdik, wlēduh, wlēdhə (pronounced wlētə), wlēdnə, wlēdkum, wlēdhum (pronounced wlētum))

For learned and semi-learned Irish borrowings:

All Irish nouns that take a suffix in the plural are pluralized with -[most productive non stress shifting suffix, from Irish]
Irish nouns that slenderize the final consonant also slenderize the final consonant in Majorcan
Nativized Irish loans often use broken plurals
Todo: Arabic words with Irish pluralization?

Adjectives

Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence.

Most native non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. -a/e, pl. -a/e. Nisba adjectives decline as -ì, -ìje, -ìje (-i -ī́jə -ī́jə). Most loan adjectives have unmarked feminine singular forms. All adjectives have an -a/-e plural, though the emphaticness varies lexically; this comes from Arabic broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural -a/-e for adjectives.

Color adjectives follow a different declension: ʔáħmir 'red' has f.sg. and pl. ħámre. Color adjectives from Irish do use the plural form as the feminine singular: celb lìaṫ /cɛlb liɐh/ 'a gray dog', moȝze liaṫa /moɐzə liɐhə/ 'a gray goat'.

Adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-/kəL-(moon) or kəC-(sun) followed by the masculine sg. form of the adjective. An alternative construction for adverbs, common in written language, is be treò [ADJ.m.sg] or be sliġe [ADJ.f.sg], from be 'instrumental' + Irish treo 'direction'/sliġe /ʃliːjə/ 'way'.

In adjectives ending in non-emphatic r in the masculine form, the feminine and plural form takes emphatic R: g̱as̱ìr (GəSī́r) 'short (m.sg.)', g̱as̱ìra (GəSī́Rə) 'short (f.sg. or pl.)'.

Degree:

cdìr 'much' > ɂeacder 'more', el ɂeacder 'most'
ftìt 'few, little' > ɂeang̱as̱ 'less', el ɂeang̱as̱ 'least'

Verbs

4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun

loan verbs use -aċaḋ (-əXəZ) for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)

The passive forms of Arabic have been lost.

maSdars are used for certain tense constructions, e.g. the present progressive is formed by using f + verbal noun.

negative mè ... s sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is mè radṁaiġ hw s 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but mè radṁaiġ s Sèmas̱ 'Sèmas̱ did not admit' for noun subjects. However, the MəRáDWiš form is used for answering questions.

Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics

Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the preverb ro-/re-/ri- (pronounced /rə-/ or /rʶə-/ depending on the first consonant; from Middle Irish ro, from the Old Irish perfect preverb) in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r. Adding the Irish preverb ro to native verbs was at first an affected hyper-Hibernism used by the middle class, and even today some conservative dialects only use rə-/də- in the past tense when the verb is affirmative:

– Eḻ g̱addiɯ Calum̱ eljevm? – Mè g̱addiɯ s. (Standard Eṟ rog̱addiɯ...? Mè rog̱addiɯ s.)

– Did Calum̱ attend Mass today? – He did not.

kətábtēn/kətábbint came from kətábt ēnə/int. the -t in kətábt int wanted to dissimilate from the t in int, so it assimilated to the last root consonant.

The prohibitive is formed by using lè + imperative.

For prefix + native verbs, native conjugation works as normal and preverbs and personal prefixes are added before the prefix, e.g. raṫɯemme, jaṫɯemmi, maṫɯemmi, aṫtiɯmìje 'to rename'.

Inherited 3-consonant verbs

Stem I (cetib)

Stem I verb conjugation: *cetib* 'he wrote' (Arabic *kataba*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ctebtin	ctebbint	cetib hw	cetbit hi	ctebne	ctebtwm, ctebbintwm	cetbw hwm
future	nectib	tectib	jectib hw	tectib hi	nectbw	tectbw	jectbw hwm
imperative	-	wctib!	-	-	-	wctbw!	-
passive participle	mictẁb
verbal noun	citb

Stem I verb conjugation: *seaṟaḇ* 'he drank' (Arabic *šaraba*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	sṟaḇṯin	sṟaḇḇint	seaṟaḇ hw	seaṟḇaṯ hi	sṟaḇna	sṟaḇtum	seaṟḇu hwm
future	nesṟaḇ	tesṟaḇ	jesṟaḇ hw	tesṟaḇ hi	neseṟḇu	teseṟḇu	jeseṟḇu
imperative	-	wsṟaḇ!	-	-	-	wseṟḇw!	-
passive participle	mesṟùḇ
verbal noun	swRB

Stem I verb conjugation, III-y: *bene* 'he built' (Arabic *banē)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	bnejtin	bnejtint	bene hw	benit hi	bnejne	bnejtwm, bnejtintwm	benev hwm
future	nebni	tebni	jebni hw	tebni hi	nebnw	tebnw	jebnw hwm
imperative	-	wbni!	-	-	-	wbnw!	-
passive participle	mibnì
verbal noun	binje

Stem I verb conjugation, II-w: *mèt* 'he died' (Arabic *māta*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	mwttin	mwttint	mèt hw	mètit hi	mwtne	mwttwm, mwttintwm	mètw hwm
future	nmẁt	tmẁt	jmẁt hw	tmẁt hi	nmẁtw	tmẁtw	jmẁtw hwm
imperative	-	mẁt!	-	-	-	mẁtw!	-
passive participle	mmẁt
verbal noun	mevt

(One can also use the expression vegid mevt (lit. find/suffer death), in Irta Irish faigh bás is a calque of this)

Stem I verb conjugation, II-y: *xàn* (or *xèn*) 'he cheated, betrayed' (Arabic *xāna*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	xintin	xinnint	xàn hu	xànit hi	xinne	xintwm, xinnintwm	xànw hum
future	nxìn	txìn	jxìn hw	txìn hi	nxìnw	txìnw	jxìnw hwm
imperative	-	xìn!	-	-	-	xìnw!	-
passive participle	mxùn
verbal noun	xajn

Stem II (recettib)

Stem II verb conjugation: *rog̱addiɯ* 'he sanctified; he attended Mass' (Arabic *qaddasa*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	rog̱addeɯtin	rog̱addeɯɯint	rog̱addiɯ hw	rog̱addɯit hi	rog̱addeɯne	rog̱addeɯ(ɯint)wm	rog̱addɯw hwm
future	ng̱addiɯ	tg̱addiɯ	jg̱addiɯ hu	tg̱addiɯ hi	ng̱addɯw	tg̱addɯw	jg̱addɯw hum
imperative	-	g̱addiɯ!	-	-	-	g̱addɯw!	-
passive participle	mg̱addiɯ
verbal noun	teg̱dìɯ

Stem III (recètib)

Stem IV (ectib)

Early loan verbs beginning with a consonant cluster fall into this conjugation (cf. some Modern Hebrew loan verbs like hiklík). Stem IV is no longer productive.

Stem IV verb conjugation: *ecrid* 'he believed'
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ecridtin	ecriddint	ecrid hw	ecerdit hi	ecridne	ecridtwm, ecriddintwm	ecerdw hwm
future	nwcrid	twcrid	jwcrid hw	twcrid hi	nwcerdw	twcerdw	jwcirdw hwm
imperative	-	wcrid!	-	-	-	wcerdw!	-
passive participle	mwcrid
verbal noun	icrèd

Stem V (ritcettib)

The t assimilates before coronal obstruents.

Stem VI (ritcètib)

The t assimilates before coronal obstruents.

Stem X verb conjugation: *ritvèlid* 'he was born'
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ritvèledtin	ritvèleddint	ritvèlid hw	ritvèldit hi	ritvèledne	ritvèled(din)twm	ritvèldw hwm
future	nitvèlid	titvèlid	jitvèlid hw	titvèlid hi	nitvèldw	titvèldw	jitvèldw hwm
imperative	-	tvèlid!	-	-	-	tvèldw!	-
passive participle	mitvèlid
verbal noun	tvèlde

Stem VII (rintectib)

Stem VIII (rictetib)

Stem X (riɯtectib)

4-consonant roots

usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense

rəCaCCəC verb conjugation: *riteargem* 'he translated, interpreted' (Arabic *tarjama*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ritergemtin	ritergemmint	riteargem hw	riteargmit hi	ritergemne	ritergemtwm, ritergemmintwm	riteargmw hwm
future	nteargem	tteargem	jteargem hw	tteargem hi	nteargmw	tteargmw	jteargmw hum
imperative	-	teargem!	-	-	-	teargmw!	-
passive participle	mitteargem
verbal noun	teargmeċaḋ

Irish syncope verbs

Irish loan verb conjugation: *diḟreagair* 'he answered, responded (synonym of *rivègib*)'
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	diḟreagairtin	diḟreagairrint	diḟreagair hw	diḟreagraṯ hi	diḟreagairne	diḟreagairtwm	diḟreagru hwm
future	nḟreagair	tḟreagair	jḟreagair hw	tḟreagair hi	nḟreagru	tḟreagru	jḟreagru hwm
imperative	-	ḟreagair!	-	-	-	ḟreagru!	-
passive participle	ḟreagairṫe
verbal noun	ḟreagairt

Irish -aiġ verbs

Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aiġ verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)

past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)

Irish loan verb conjugation: *radṁaiġ* 'he admitted, confessed'
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	radṁaiġtin	radṁaiġtint	radṁaiġ hw	radṁaiġt hi	radṁaiġne	radṁaiġtwm, r'adṁaiġtintwm	radṁav̱ hwm
future	nadṁaiġ	tadṁaiġ	jadṁaiġ hw	tadṁaiġ hi	nadṁu	tadṁu	jadṁu hwm
imperative	-	adṁaiġ!	-	-	-	adṁu!	-
passive participle	adṁaiṫe
verbal noun	adṁaċaḋ (used in constructions such as èn f-adṁaċaḋ 'I confess')

Newer loan verbs

Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish -aigh loan verbs, but have a fixed stem.

Irish loan verb conjugation: *rofònaiġ* 'he phoned'
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	rofònaiġtin	rofònaiġtint	rofònaiġ hw	rofònaiġt hi	rofònaiġne	rofònaiġtwm, rofònaiġtintwm	rofònav̱ hwm
future	nfònaiġ	tfònaiġ	jfònaiġ hw	tfònaiġ hi	nfònu	tfònu	jfònu hwm
imperative	-	fònaiġ!	-	-	-	fònu!	-
passive participle	fònaiṫe
verbal noun	fònaċaḋ

The verb rà

Stem I verb conjugation: rà 'he saw' (Arabic *raʔā*)
→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ràjtin	ràjtint	rà hw	ràt hi	ràjne	ràjtwm, ràjtintwm	ràv hwm
future	neara	teara	jeara hw	teara hi	nearav	tearav	jearav hwm
imperative	-	ɂeara!	-	-	-	ɂearav!	-
passive participle	meraì
verbal noun	ràj

The verb g̱àl

exhibits suppletion with *sèd < *šahid 'to bear witness' (inspired by għid ~ qal in Maltese, għid doesn't mean 'to beat witness' in Arabic)

sèdtin, sèddint, g̱àl, g̱àlit, sèdne, sèdtwm, g̱àlw

The verb cèn

The verb cèn, jcẁn, (no passive part.), cevn/cjèn (from Arabic kāna) is a regular hollow 2-w verb. Unlike in Irish, cèn covers the senses of both Irish is and Irish bí.

In the present tense,

the appropriate independent pronoun is used, for predicate nouns, predicative adjectives, and adjuncts
the particle temm (irregularly from Arabic þamma 'there') is used, for existential statements

The future form of cèn is also used as a "habitual be". (ncẁn = Scottish Gaelic bidh mi 'I (tend to) be, I will be')

Prepositions

b(e): bìje, bìc, bìh, bìhe, bìne, bìcwm, bìhwm
f(i): fìje, fìc, fìh, fìhe, fìne, fìcwm, fìhwm
min: minni, minnic/minc (poetic), minnwh, minhe, minne, mincwm, minhwm
meȝ: meȝi/meȝje /mæj~mæːjə/, meȝc, meȝuh /mæẅh/, meȝhe, meȝne, meȝcwm, meȝhwm

frè (< Irish fré) = against

frejje, frèc, frèh, frèhe, frène, frècwm, frèhwm

also ȝal /æl/ = on

fwg̱ = upon, towards, for (< fawq + chuig)

fwg̱i, fwg̱ac̱, fwg̱uh, fwg̱ha /çüqʰə/, fwg̱na, fwg̱cum /çüqʰːʊmˁ/, fwg̱hum /çüːm~çüʔʊmˁ/

dvèr = about

imḋeiḋin (imijéjn) 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): imḋeiḋini, imḋeiḋinic, imḋeiḋinwh, imḋeiḋinhe, imḋeiḋinne, imḋeiḋincwm, imḋeiḋinhwm

f(i) (< CA fī) is matched to faoi in some verb complements and is in fact fo sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep gil (from majāl 'domain')

g̱uṟ = 'of, at' (from GuRB 'vicinity'): g̱uṟi, g̱uṟac̱, g̱uṟuh, g̱uṟha, g̱uṟna, g̱uṟcum, g̱uṟhum

ȝand 'to have'

Numerals

vèħad /veahəd/, nejn, dlède, earḇȝa, xamɯe, ɯitte, ɯeaḇȝa, dmènje, diɯȝa, ȝasra (nejn is due to rebracketing: vèħad, dnejn → vèħad, nejn; attributive for '2' is zevg, with 'the two X' = zevg el X')

evvil, dèni, dèlid, ràḇaȝ, xàmiɯ, ɯètit, ɯèḇaȝ, dmèni, dèɯeȝ, ȝàser

Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: ed dèlid bèb (abbrev. ed 3' bèb) = the third door

Syntax

Irish/Gàidhlig relex

Sentences with finite verbs are VSO:

Cel eḻ γannèj clùiteaċ nòṉ meȝṯ Taoiseċ.

eat.PST.3SG.M DEF γina_singer famous.SG.M lunch with-DEF Taoiseach

The famous γina singer had a luncheon with the Taoiseach.

The progressive aspect uses verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects.

Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.

Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"

Question particle el (from hal), assimilates to əL/ər/əR before L/r/R

The vocative particle jə/j' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative). Vocative phrases usually go to the end: 'Cerìm, close the door!' is ʔwγlag̱ el bèb, je Cerìm!

Is fear é Dónal = Ragil hwve Doṁnall
is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = Doṁnall hw eṯ Taoiseċ ȝàrr
tá Dónal mór = Doṁnall (hw) cbìr; bhí Dónal ... = cèn Doṁnall cbìr
is fear mór/mór an fear é Dónal = ragil cbìr/cbìr eṟ ragil hw Doṁnall
tá úll ann/agam = twffèħ hemm/ȝandi (reverse of Arabic)
Stative verbs: tá mé i mo chodladh = ɂèn fi rg̱àdi

Noun phrase

adnominal demonstratives: zèl (m), zìl (f), ɂilel (pl), sil (what/which X?) (follows sun/moon letter rules like the definite article)
pronominal demonstratives:
- proximal: zè (m), zì (f), ɂile (pl)
- distal: zèc (m), zìc (f), ɂilèc (pl)
can use el X hùn lit. 'the X here', el X temm 'the X there' instead
attributive adjective phrases: "NOUN ADJ1 ADJ2" for 'a ADJ1 and ADJ2 NOUN' (Irish influence)

Vocabulary

Arabic: most everyday words
Irish: most formal vocabulary; government, law and source of most new coinages
Latin, Romance and Greek: some formal vocabulary, esp. religion (possibly via Irish or English)
English: source of calques, some technology words

Derivation

-ì, -ìje, -ìje: nisba, used in both Arabic and Irish words
-ìje: some language names
-aċt/-eċt, -aċtaìjèṫ/-eċtaìjèṫ: most common abstract noun suffix, used on agentives and adjectives; also used on native words

Days of the week

Sunday: eḏ Doṁnaiġ
Monday: ed Dnejn
Tuesday: ed Dlède
Wednesday: el Eaṟḇȝa
Thursday: el Xamɯe
Friday: el Gimȝa
Saturday: eɯ Ɯebt

abbreviated as "D 2 3 4 5 G Ɯ", e.g. ed 2/jevm 2

Both el X and jevm X can be used for 'on X day of the week'.

Texts

Todo:

snippet from some Classical Arabic text
snippet from some Irish epic
a hypothetical news report in Modern Irta Majorca

UDHR, Article 1

Ritvèldw el bnèdmìn cwllhe xèlɯe ⁊ coṁionanna f uirrimhwm ⁊ f ceartathum. Hwme mrabbħa(*) ber rèsùṉ ⁊ beḻ cogaḃus̱ ⁊ ȝalèhwm jiomċru rùħhum meȝ selsìn b mèin g̱uṟ ɂeaxve.

[rɪt̪ʰˈveːl̪d̪ü ə̟lbn̪ɪd̪ˈmiːŋ̟ ˈk̟ʰülhə̟ ˈχʌ̯eːls̪ə̟ ʌ(ʁ)s̪ʶ qʰʌwʶˈn̪ʶɑn̪ʶːʌ ˈf‿ürːɪmhüm ʌ(ʁ)s̪ʶ ˈf‿k̟ʰærʶt̪ʶʰʌt̪ʶːʰʊmʲ ‖ hümə̟ ˈmʶrʶɑpːʰæ bərrə̟ˈs̪ʶuːn̪ʶ ʌ(ʁ)s̪ʶ bə̠l̪ʶqʰʌˈʔɑwwʶʊs̪ʶ ʌ(ʁ)s̪ʶ æˈleːhümʲ ˈjʊmʶχrʶʊ ˈrʶʊɐħ̞ħ̞ʊm mæ ʃə̟lʃiːnʲ b‿meːnʲ ʔʶʊrʶ ˈæχwʶʌ]

(*) The senses of the root r-b-ħ were influenced by semantic calquing from Irish buaḋ 'win, gain; innate gift'. bùaḋaiṫe can also be used here.