Hothenese
Native name: Hôthene mâl
Add more Estonian/old Medh Nghêl gibbiness
Phonology: p t k b d g f θ x ð h m n ŋ l r s ʒ j ʋ + Finnish vowels
Mutations (productive): p t k s -> f θ x h; p t k s f -> b d g ʒ ʋ
Only a handful of nouns should begin with f
Declensions:
e-stem rŷch: rŷch, rŷchi, rŷched, rŷchel, rŷchez, rŷchev, rŷche!
a-stem cô: cô, côi, côad, côal, côaz, côav, côa!
o-stem serr: serr, serri, serrœd, serrœl, serrœz, serrœv, serrœ!
apparent-vowel calo: calo, calo, calod, calol, caloz, calov, calo!
t-stem mened: mened, menez, meneth, menedel, menet, menep, mened!
s-stem fôraz: fôraz, fôraz, fôrâth, fôrazel, fôras, fôraf, fôraz!
n-stem cŷthen: cŷthen, cŷthen, cŷthenn, cŷthenel, cŷthêz, cŷthemm, cŷthen!
nen-stem Pellæne: Pellæne, Pellæz, Pellæ̂th, Pellæzel, Pellæs, Pellæf, Pellæz!
Plurals use a particle ma which triggers a spirant mutation (numbers likewise trigger a spirant mutation)
Pronouns
êz, enn, êth, ennel, ennez/ês, ennev/êf = 1SG
lâ, lân, lâd, lâl, lâz, lâv - 2SG
lær, læren, læ^r, lærel, lærez, lærev - 2PL
2SG and 2PL forms? honorifics?
ia, iân, iâth, iâzel, iâs, iâzev = 3SG
hŷz, hynn, hŷth, hynnel, hynnez/hŷs, hynnev/hŷf = 1PL
tôch, tôch, tôth, tôchel, tôchez, tôchev = 3PL
mole, molen, moled, molel, molez, molev = impersonal
all: fîr, fîri, fîr, fîrel, fîrez, fîrev
some: cen, cen, cenn, cenel, cêz, cemm
any: lâth, lâthe, lâthed, lâthel, lâthez, lâthev
Adjectives
Invariable? Just nominative and oblique forms?
Verbs
This is only a rough idea
Thematic verbs (ending with e, a, æ, o, œ, u or y typically)
Change 1PL -dh to -b
pêthe-: pêthen, pêtheth, pêthe, pêthedh, pêthed, pêther
infinitive pêthev
S-stem verbs:
loz-: lozin, lozith, loz, lozidh, lozid, lozir
infinitive lôth
T-stem verbs:
sed-: sedin, sedith, sed, sedidh, sedid, sedir
infinitive set
L-stem verbs:
rothel-: rothelin, rothelith, rothel, rothelidh, rothelid, rothelir
infinitive rothell
R-stem verbs:
sæer-: sæerin, sæerith, sæer, sæeridh, sæerid, sæerir
infinitive sæer (underlying *sæerr; but words can't end in a long vowel followed by a double consonant)
Honorifics use -r instead of the 2sg, 3sg and 2pl forms
Other tenses, aspects and moods
The preterite tense uses the suffixes -An, -Ath, -A, -Adh, -Ad, -Ar after the infinitive form. For example:
pêthevæn, pêthevæth, pêthevæ, pêthevædh, pêthevæd, pêthevær
lôthan, lôthath, lôtha, lôthadh, lôthad, lôthar
setæn, setæth, setæ, setædh, setæd, setær
The future imperfective works by removing the -n from the 1st person singular present tense and adding the suffixes -nÛch, -nÛth, -nUd, -nUth, -nUt, -nÛr?
Imperfect? Future?
Negative: a particle which soft mutates the verb
Nonfinite forms
(other than the infinitive)
Attributive: same as the 1SG present or past but with -n replaced by -m
Notes
Uninflected verbs should mean something (many of them appear in the sample)
Derivational morphology
-edU/-AdU/-OdU/-tU/-^thU/-nnU/-^thU? (reflex of a hypothetical -tu/-ty in a finnish gib)
-edA/-AdA/-OdA/-tA/-^thA/-nnA/-^thA? (reflex of a hypothetical -ta/-tä in a finnish gib)
-ze- (after thematic verbs); -ize- (after athematic verbs): passive
Numbers
oz, cîn, synn, raed, lîth, rœ̂v, fælinn, sŷtheb, rôtheb, ûth
ûthoz, ûthcîn, ûthsynn, ûthraed ...
pecher (20), synnœt (30), raedhot (40), lîthœt (50), rœ̂vœt (60), fælinœt (70), sŷthvot (80), rôthvot (90), tæez (100)
Miscellaneous ideas
A Wackernagel-like law (with particles such as conjunctions generally appearing in second position, like Latin enim) is a Hothenese innovation (neither the parent language Ryctiac nor another descendant of it, Rhythoed, has it)
Sample text
Menez cŷth se fârozel, pêthæd êth choezane,
Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd, mîv silmad firized.
Laev âdhad cu lôrozel, iormâch êched hŷne,
Têchab se cathelhireth, iog silmad mydized.
As the days wander on, and summer turns to winter,
And hopes vanish, a light shines far away.
Though Fortune's wheel turns, oblivious to our struggles,
we skillful beings work hard, seeking the light of day.
Menez cŷth se fârozel = moment-PL on PART wander-CONJ
pêthæd êth choezane = winter.DAT turn summer
Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd = void.DAT hope vanish-PERF
mîv silmad firized = shine light.DAT distance.GEN.DAT
Laev âdhad cu lôrozel = wheel fortune.DAT though turns
iormâch êched hŷne = oblivious struggle.DAT 1PL
têchab se cathelhir-eth = work-hard.1PL PART skillful-COLL
iog silmad mydized = look light.DAT day.GEN.DAT