Tocharian D
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| Tocharian D | |
|---|---|
| Täma Wiθan | |
| Pronunciation | [/təma wiθan/] |
| Created by | User:Ogogogouy |
| Date | 2022 |
Indo-European
| |
Tocharian D is a language that was spoken until around the 6th century in the region straddling southeastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan (Kurguzstan). It is classified in the Tocharian branch of the Indo-European language family. The language is known to have had an agglutinative character. It is one of the dead languages. Johann S. Munchausen, a researcher of Tocharian D, claims that it is the language of Wusun, which existed around Lake Issyk (present-day Kyrgyzstan). A manuscript dating from 300-500 A.D., written in the Greek-like Wusun script and the Brahmi-like Tocharian script, has been found in the ruins of a fortress at the bottom of Lake Balhash and in the remains of a city at the northern foot of the Tien Shan Mountains.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ä | o |
| Open | a |
Tocharian D also has the diphthongs, ay, ey, oy, uy, äy
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /tɕ/ | k /k/ | ||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | |||||
| Fricative | f /f/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ | ś /ɕ/ | h /h/ | |
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | |||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | y /j/ | ||||
| Lateral approximant | l /l/ | ly /ʎ/ |
Morphology
Unlike Tocharian A and B, Tocharian D has largely inherited the Indo-European ancestral language system.
Noun
In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows:
| Case | Tocharian D | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| w:Suffix | Singular | w:Plural | |
| Nominative | — | yähwa | yähwi |
| Vocative | — | yahw | — |
| Accusative | — | yähwa | yähwan |
| Genitive | — | yähway | yähwan |
| Dative | — | yähway | yähwama |
| Instrumental | — | yähwa | yähwami |
| Perlative | -sa | yähwasa | yähwantsa |
| Comitative | -aśśäl | yähwaśśäl | yähwanaśśäl |
| Allative | -ś(c) | yähwaś(c) | yähwanś(c) |
| Ablative | -äś | yähwaś | yähwanäś |
| Locative | -ne | yähwane | yähwanne |
| Causative | -ñ | yähwañ | yähwanñ |
Verb
Tocharian verbs are conjugated in the following categories:
- Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
- Tense: present, past.
- Voice: active, passive.
- Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
- Number: singular, dual, plural.
- Non-finite: active participle, passive participle.
An example verb: ñämana "to take"
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | Passive | Active | Passive | Active | ||
| Present | 1st sing | ñäma | ñämay | ñämo | ñämay | — |
| 2nd sing | ñämiś | ñämasayäso | ñämays | ñämayäso | päñäm | |
| 3rd sing | ñämic | ñämasayäto | ñämayt | ñämayäto | päñämato | |
| 1st dual | ñämaw | ñämantay | ñämayäw | ñämayänto | — | |
| 2nd dual | ñämac | ñämayäc | päñämac | |||
| 1st plur | ñämama | ñämayäm | — | |||
| 2nd plur | ñämi | ñämay | päñämi | |||
| 3rd plur | ñämanc | ñämayanc | päñämanto | |||
| Past | 1st sing | naf | — | ñemi | — | |
| 2nd sing | nafs | ñemis | ||||
| 3rd sing | naft | ñemit | ||||
| 1st dual | ñemu | ñemiw | ||||
| 2nd dual | ñemäc | ñemic | ||||
| 1st plur | ñemäm | ñemim | ||||
| 2nd plur | ñemu | ñemi | ||||
| 3rd plur | ñemänc | ñeminc | ||||
| Infinitive | ñämana | |||||
| Present Participle | ñäma | |||||
| Past Participle | nmana | |||||
Comparison to other Indo-European languages
| Tocharian vocabulary (sample) | ||||||||||||
| English | Tocharian D | Tocharian A | Tocharian B | w:Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | w:Latin | Proto-Germanic | Gothic | w:Old Irish | Proto-Slavic | Proto-Indo-European | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | aynä | sas | ṣe | heîs, hen | sa(kṛ́t) | semel | *simla | simle | samail | *sǫ- | *sḗm> PToch *sems | |
| two | way | wu | wi | dúo | dvā́ | duo | *twai | twái | dá | *dъva | *dwóh₁ | |
| three | θŕä | tre | trai | treîs | tráyas | trēs | *þrīz | þreis | trí | *trьje | *tréyes | |
| four | fidär | śtwar | śtwer | téttares, téssares | catvā́ras, catúras | quattuor | *fedwōr | fidwōr | cethair | *četỳre | *kʷetwóres | |
| five | fim | päñ | piś | pénte | páñca | quīnque | *fimf | fimf | cóic | *pętь | *pénkʷe | |
| six | tsäh | ṣäk | ṣkas | héx | ṣáṣ | sex | *sehs | saihs | sé | *šestь | *swéḱs | |
| seven | tsäp | ṣpät | ṣukt | heptá | saptá | septem | *sebun | sibun | secht | *sedmь | *septḿ̥ | |
| eight | ahto | okät | okt | oktṓ | aṣṭáu, aṣṭá | octō | *ahtōu | ahtau | ocht | *osmь | *oḱtṓw | |
| nine | ño | ñu | ñu | ennéa | náva | novem | *newun | niun | noí | *dȅvętь | *h₁néwn̥ | |
| ten | cäh | śäk | śak | déka | dáśa | decem | *tehun | taihun | deich | *dȅsętь | *déḱm̥t | |
| hundred | hwänta | känt | kante | hekatón | śatām | centum | *hundą | hund | cét | *sъto | *ḱm̥tóm | |
| father | facer | pācar | pācer | patḗr | pitṛ | pater | *fadēr | fadar | athair | – | *ph₂tḗr | |
| mother | macer | mācar | mācer | mḗtēr | mātṛ | māter | *mōdēr | mōdar | máthair | *màti | *méh₂tēr | |
| brother | pracer | pracar | procer | phrā́tēr | bhrātṛ | frāter | *brōþēr | brōþar | bráthair | *bràtrъ | *bʰréh₂tēr | |
| sister | tsäster | ṣar | ṣer | éor | svásṛ | soror | *swestēr | swistar | siur | *sestrà | *swésōr | |
| horse | yähwa | yuk | yakwe | híppos | áśva- | equus | *ehwaz | aiƕs | ech | (Balto-Slavic *áśwāˀ) | *h₁éḱwos | |
| cow | ku | ko | keu | boûs | gaúṣ | bōs | *kūz | (OE cū) | bó | *govę̀do | *gʷṓws | |
| voice | wahma | vak | vek | épos | vāk | vōx | *wōhmaz | (Du gewag) | foccul | *vikъ | *wṓkʷs | |
| name | nam | ñom | ñem | ónoma | nāman- | nōmen | *namô | namō | ainmm | *jь̏mę | *h₁nómn̥ | |
| to milk | milkana | mālkā | mālkant | amélgein | – | mulgēre | *melkaną | miluks | bligid (MIr) | *melzti | *h₂melǵ-eye | |