Hondish

Hondish
Onnezearag
Pronunciation	[onəzea̯rak]
Created by	User:Uspesny mekkys
Date	2022
Language family	Indo-European Celtic Insular Celtic Hondish
Official status
Official language in	Hondey

Hondish (Onnezearag) is a Celtic language spoken on the island of Hondey in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the Insular Celtic language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the Germanic languages, most notably Old Norse and its descendants, North Germanic languages as well as West Germanic languages, namely Dutch and to a lesser degree English. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		[m] ⟨m⟩			[n] ⟨n⟩		[ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩	[ŋ] ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	voiced	[p] ⟨p⟩			[t] ⟨t⟩			[k] ⟨k⟩
	voiceless	[b] ⟨b⟩			[d] ⟨d⟩			[g] ⟨g⟩
Fricative	voiced		[f] ⟨f⟩	[θ] ⟨th⟩	[s] ⟨s⟩	[ʃ] ⟨sc⟩		[x] ⟨ch⟩	[h] ⟨h⟩
	voiceless		[v] ⟨v⟩	[ð] ⟨dh⟩	[z] ⟨z⟩	[ʒ] ⟨zc⟩		[ɣ] ⟨g⟩
Affricate	voiced				[ts] ⟨ts⟩	[tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩
	voiceless				([dz] ⟨ds⟩)	([dʒ] ⟨dsc⟩)
Approximant	plain				[ɹ] ⟨r⟩		[j] ⟨j⟩
	labialised						[ɥ] ⟨w̦⟩	[w] ⟨w⟩
Lateral approximant					[l] ⟨l⟩		[ʎ] ⟨ļ⟩

Vowels

Hondish vowels can be divided into those under primary stress, secondary stress and those that are unstressed. In Hondish linguistics, those are conventionally markes as P, S and u respectively. Hondish stress is almost universally on the first syllable of the word, secondary stress is distributed according to following rules:

1. final syllables usually carry secondary stress
2. every odd syllable (ie. 3rd, 5th, etc.) can carry secondary stress
3. every stressed syllable (primary or secondary) must be separated by an unstressed syllable, except for disyllabic words

These rules give the following possible syllable patterns:
P
PS
PuS
PuuS
PuSuS
PuSuuS
etc.

Primarily stressed vowels

Monophthongs

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		rounded		unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	[ɪ] ⟨i⟩	[ei̯] ⟨ÿ⟩	[ʏ] ⟨y⟩	[øy̯] ⟨ye⟩	[ʉ] ⟨u⟩	[æʉ̯] ⟨au⟩	[ɯ] ⟨eu⟩	[ɯi̯] ⟨ei⟩	[ʊ] ⟨o⟩	([uː] ⟨ôe⟩)
		[iː] ⟨ie⟩		[yː] ⟨ŷe⟩		[ʉː] ⟨ue⟩		[ɯː] ⟨êu⟩		[ou̯] ⟨ou⟩
Mid	[e] ⟨e⟩	[i̯e] ⟨ee⟩	[ø] ⟨ø⟩	[y̯ø] ⟨øe⟩					[o] ⟨o⟩	[u̯o] ⟨oe⟩
		([eː] ⟨êe⟩)		([øː] ⟨ø̂e⟩)						([oː] ⟨ôe⟩)
Low	[æ] ⟨a, æ⟩	[æː] ⟨ae, æ⟩							[a] ⟨a⟩	[aː] ⟨ae⟩

Diphthongs

	ə	i	u
a		[ai̯] ⟨ai⟩	[au̯] ⟨au⟩
e	[eə̯] ⟨ea⟩		[eu̯] ⟨eü⟩
o	[oə̯] ⟨oa⟩

Secondarily stressed vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
High	[i] ⟨i⟩	[y] ⟨y⟩	[ʉ] ⟨u⟩	[ɯ] ⟨eu⟩	[u] ⟨o⟩
Mid	[e] ⟨e⟩	[ø] ⟨ø⟩			([o] ⟨o⟩)
Low	[æ] ⟨a, æ⟩				[a] ⟨a⟩
Dipththongs	[ai̯] ⟨ai⟩				[au̯] ⟨au⟩

Unstressed vowels

	Unrounded	Rounded
High	[ɪ] ⟨i⟩	[ʉ] ⟨u⟩
Mid	[ə] ⟨e⟩	[ɵ] ⟨o⟩
Low	[ɐ] ⟨a⟩

Consonant mutations

Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.

Native initials

Radical	Lenition	Nasalisation	Aspiration
p	b	m	f
b	v	m	v
t	d	n	θ
ts	z	ɲ	θj
d	ð	n	ð
z	ðj	ɲ	ðj
k	h	ŋ	x
tʃ	ʒ	ŋj	xj
h	w	ŋ	w (ɣ)
	∅	n
ʒ	j	ŋj	j (ɣj)
ð	j	n	dj
w			gw
ɥ			gɥ
l			hl
ʎ			hʎ
ɹ			hɹ
f	v	v
hj	j	ɲ
x	w	ŋ
ʃ	j	ŋj
θ	ð
m
n
ɲ
V		n-V	h-V

Loan word initials

Radical	Lenition	Nasalisation	Aspiration
j		ɲ	dj
s	z
z
v

Syntax