User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.1
| Muna | |
|---|---|
    | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈmuna/] |
| Created by | Miguel Bartelsman |
| Date | 2015 |
| Setting | Fantasy world |
Conlang
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 | |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n nː | |||||
| Stop | p pʰ | β~b | t tʰ | ð~d | k kʰ | ɣ~g | |
| Fricative | f | s sː | h ɦ̩ | ||||
| Lateral | l lː | ||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Consonant clusters
| pɾ | tɾ | kɾ | βɾ | ðɾ | ɣɾ | m | p | t | k | f | h | β | ð | ɣ | n | s | ɾ | l | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | npɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | nβɾ | nðɾ | nɣɾ | nm | np | nt | nk | nf | nh | nβ | nð | nɣ | nː | ns | ||
| s | spɾ | ntɾ | nkɾ | sβɾ | sðɾ | sɣɾ | sm | sp | st | sk | sf | sh | sβ | sð | sɣ | sn | sː | sl | |
| ɾ | ɾpɾ | ɾtɾ | ɾkɾ | ɾβɾ | ɾðɾ | ɾɣɾ | ɾm | ɾp | ɾt | ɾk | ɾf | ɾh | ɾβ | ɾð | ɾɣ | ɾn | ɾs | r | ɾl |
| l | lpɾ | ltɾ | lkɾ | lβɾ | lðɾ | lɣɾ | lm | lp | lt | lk | lf | lh | lβ | lð | lɣ | ln | ls | lː |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | iː | u | uː |
| Mid | e | eː | o | oː |
| Open | a | aː | ɒ | ɒː |
Vowel clusters
| a | e | i | ɒ | o | u | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | aː | ae | ai | |||
| e | ea | eː | ei | |||
| i | ja | je | iː | jɒ | jo | ju |
| ɒ | ɒː | ɒo | ɒu | |||
| o | oɒ | oː | ou | |||
| u | wa | we | wi | wɒ | wo | uː |
Phonotactics
(C1)V(V)(C2)
- C1: Any consonant except /ɦ̩/
- C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
- V: Any vowel or /ɦ̩/
Stress
- Penultimate syllable if the word ends in a vowel
- Last syllable is the word ends in a consonant
Ortography
| Rune | Latin | IPA | Name |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
m | /m/ | |
|
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n | /n/ | |
|
p | /p/ | |
|
t | /t/ | |
|
k | /k/ | |
|
f | /f/ | |
|
b | /β/ | |
|
s | /s/ | |
|
d | /ð/ | |
|
g | /ɣ/ | |
|
h | /h/ | |
|
r | /ɾ/ | |
|
l | /l/ | |
|
|
a | /a/ | |
|
q | /ɒ/ | |
|
e | /e/ | |
|
o | /o/ | |
|
i | /i/ | |
|
|
u | /u/ | |
|
' | /ɦ̩/ |
Morphology
Verbs
Tense/Aspect
| 1st Affix | 2nd Affix | Tense / Aspect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | ∅ | None | ∅ | Gnomic |
| Past | -ga | None | ∅ | Past perfective |
| Past | -ga | Past retrospective, Distant past | ||
| Present | -'r | Past continuous | ||
| Future | -is | Past prospective | ||
| Present | -'r | None | ∅ | Present perfective |
| Past | -ga | Present retrospective, Near past | ||
| Present | -'r | Present continuous | ||
| Future | -is | Present prospective, Near future | ||
| Future | -is | None | ∅ | Future perfective |
| Past | -ga | Future retrospective | ||
| Present | -'r | Future continuous | ||
| Future | -is | Future prospective, Distant future | ||
Mood
| Type | Mood | Use | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Realis | Indicative | -∅ | Factual statement | |
| Irrealis | Epistemic | Alethic | -to | States truth or logical necessity |
| Potential | -ma | States probability of something happening | ||
| Deductive | -he | States something supported by indirect evidence | ||
| Interrogative | -saa | Questions the action, always last | ||
| Deontic | Desiderative | -ti | States internal desire for something. Want to, desire, hope, would rather | |
| Expectative | -du | States external desire for something. Should, ought to, expected to, advised to | ||
| Necessitative | -ka | States internal necessity for something. Need to | ||
| Directive | -kq | States external necessity for something. Must, obligated to, had better | ||
| Capacitative | -pra | States internal ability to do something. Able to | ||
| Permissive | -pro | States external ability to do something. Allowed to | ||
Nouns
Case
| Case | Use | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -a -e -i | Marks the subject, agent of a verb |
| Absolutive | -q -o -u | Marks the object, patient of a verb. Base form |
| Dative | -ql -ol -ul | Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb |
| Genitive | -mi | Marks possession of or relation with something |
| Instrumental | -ta | Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action |
| Locative | -ko | Marks the location or time of the action |
| Comitative | -na | Mark accompaniment of something |
| Privative | -nan | Marks the lack of company by something |
| Alternative | -me | Marks an alternative or choice to something |
Number
| Number | Use | |
|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Marks a single object of a mass noun | |
| Plurative | Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns | |
Pronouns
| Person | Number | Case | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOM | ABS | DAT | GEN | |||
| First | Singular | |||||
| Plural | Exclusive | |||||
| Inclusive | ||||||
| Second | Singular | |||||
| Plural | Exclusive | |||||
| Inclusive | ||||||
| Third | Singular | |||||
| Plural | ||||||
Determiners
| Type | Demonstrative | Interrogative | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||
| Object | ||||
| Quality Amount | ||||
| Manner | ||||
| Reason | ||||
| Location | ||||
| Time | ||||
Quantifiers
| Type | Use | |
|---|---|---|
| Universal | Every option | |
| Existential | Large amount of | |
| V | ||
| V | ||
| V | ||
| V | ||
| Pair of | ||
| Negatory | No option | |
| Elective | Any option | |
| Alternative | A different option | |
Adpositions
| Type | Use | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Spatial | Location | Above, on the surface | |
| Below | |||
| In front of | |||
| Behind | |||
| Near | |||
| Between, amongst | |||
| Inside | |||
| Movement | Over, across the surface | ||
| Under | |||
| By, near | |||
| Through | |||
| To (direction) | |||
| To (destination) | |||
| From (origin) | |||
| Into | |||
| Out from | |||
| Temporal | Since | ||
| Before | |||
| During | |||
| After | |||
| Until | |||
| Composition | Of | ||
| Purpose | In order to | ||
| Cause | Because of | ||
| Reference | About | ||
Particles
Numerals
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
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| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
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| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
| A | B | C | D | E |
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| 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| F | G | H | J | K |
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| x400 | x20 | x1 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | E | 34 | |
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| 40 | 14 | ||
| C | 4 | 244 | |
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| 240 | 4 | ||
| 5 | J | 7 | 2367 |
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| 2000 | 360 | 7 |
Derivation
Affixation patterns
| Verbs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conversion | Pattern | Changes | Example | ||
| Root | → | Verb | Verbalization | -qn -on -un | |
| Verb | → | Verb | Opposite | ||
| Verb | → | Verb | Causative | ||
| Verb | → | Verb | Complementary | ||
| Nouns | |||||
| Root | → | Noun | Nominalization | -∅, -r, -l | |
| Noun | → | Noun | Augmentative | ||
| Noun | → | Noun | Diminutive | ||
| Noun | → | Noun | Place of... | ||
| Adjectives | |||||
| Root | → | Adjective | Adjectivalization | -s | |
| Adjective | → | Adjective | Augmentative | ||
| Adjective | → | Adjective | Diminutive | ||
| Adjective | → | Adjective | Opposite | ||
| Adverbs | |||||
| Root | → | Adverb | Adverbalization | -s'r, -s'l | |
| Adverb | → | Adverb | Augmentative | ||
| Adverb | → | Adverb | Diminutive | ||
| Adverb | → | Adverb | Opposite | ||
Compounding patterns
| Pattern | Construction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER | HEAD + MODIFIER | |
| HEAD originated from MODIFIER | ||
| HEAD made of MODIFIER | ||
| HEAD benefitting MODIFIER | ||
| Do HEAD to MODIFIER | ||
| Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER |
Syntax
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
verbs - subject - object - ind. object - others
Word order
- Verb
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Determiner
- Noun
- Adjective
- Quantifier
- Numeral
- Genitive
Default sentence structure
- Verb
- Subject
- Object
- Indirect object
- Oblique argument
- Time
- Manner
- Place
Interrogative constructions
Choice questions
- drink-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom coffee=alt tea=alt
- Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
- drink-des-prs-fut 2s.nom tea-abs
- I want tea
- tea-abs
- Tea
Semi-polar questions
- eat-des-prs-fut-q 2s.nom steak-abs burger=alt
- Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
Polar questions
- come-pst-q friend.nom 2s.gen friday.loc last
- Did your friend came last Friday?
Non-polar questions
- be-q how_much that river-nom wide
- How wide is that river?
Relative Constructions
Subject
- be [come-pst late guy-nom]-nom cousin.abs 1s.gen
- The [he came late] guy is my cousin
Direct object
- give-pst 1s-nom rose-abs [see-pst kate-nom girl-abs]-dat
- I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
Indirect object
- know john-nom [write-pst 1s-nom letter-abs woman-dat]-abs
- John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
Genitive
- tell-pst [die-pst father-nom boy-gen]-nom 1s-abs
- The [his father died] boy told me something
Passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat pie.abs
- Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
Anti-passive constructions
- eat Mary.nom pie.abs → eat Mary.nom
- Mary eats pie → Mary eats