Galega
Galega | |
---|---|
Galega | |
Flag of Galanha | |
Pronunciation | [gaˈlega] |
Created by | Ethan Delanche |
Date | 2023 |
Setting | Alt-history Europe, Galicia |
Native to | Galanha |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | Old Galega
|
Standard form | Standard Galega
|
Dialects |
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Official status | |
Official language in | Galanha Autonomy |
Borders of Galanha | |
Galega (endonym: Galega; Galega: [gaˈlega]), also called as Galá by neibouring Galician speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with Spanish, and speakers of Galega are basically bilingual with Galician. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to Galicia inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America. Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.
Etymology
The name Galega is the language of Galanha, this term comes from the endonym Gallania, which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galega speakers called themselves as Bretonado that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.
External History
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Similar to its neibour Galician, Galanego also has seven vowels, but use grave marks to distinct close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels:
Phoneme (IPA) | Grapheme | Examples |
---|---|---|
/a/ | a | mabo "son" |
/e/ | e | bedo "world" |
/ɛ/ | è | cèdo "forest" |
/i/ | i | cigo "meat" |
/o/ | o | rodo "red" |
/ɔ/ | ò | mòro "big" |
/u/ | u | useio "high" |
Internal history
Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.
Vowels
Short vowels
Proto-Celtic | Condition | Old Galega | Late Galega | Example | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Celtic | Old Galega | Late Galega | Translation | Late Breton | Late Welsh | ||||
i | normally | ɪ | e | ɸritus | rido | redo | "ford" m. | red | rhyd |
final a affection | e̝ | ɛ | ɸlikkā | leca | lèca | "slate" f. | lec'h | llech | |
e | normally | e | e | kwennom | penno | peno | "head" m. | penn | pen |
final i affection | e̝ | ɛ | meli | mele | mè | "" m. | mel | mêl | |
a | normally | a | a | markos | marco | marco | "horse" m. | marc'h | march |
final i affection | e̝ | ɛ | mantī | menti | mènçe | "size, quantity" f. | ment | maint | |
o | normally | o | o | dolā | dola | doa | "meadow" f. | dol | dol |
final i affection | ɵ | u | "" . | ||||||
u | normally | u | o | "" f. | |||||
final a affection | o | o | kumbā | comba | comba | "valley" f. | komm | cwm | |
final i affection | ü | i | "" . |
Long vowels and dipthongs
Proto-Celtic | Condition | Old Galega | Late Galega | Example | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Celtic | Old Galega | Late Galega | Translation | Late Breton | Late Welsh | ||||
ī | all places | i | i | līwos | liwo | livo | "colour" m. | liv | lliw |
ū | ü | rūnā | ryna | rinha | "secret, mystery" f. | rin | rhin | ||
ou | ʉ | u | toutā | tuda | tuda | "people, tribe" f. | tud | tud | |
oi | oinos | unho | ũ | "one" adv. | un | un | |||
ā | o̜ | ɔ | māros | moro | mòro | "big" adj. | meur | mawr | |
au | auberos | over | òvero | "vain, futile" adj. | euver | ofer | |||
ai | e̝ | ɛ | kaitos | cedo | cèdo | "forest" m. | koad | coed | |
ei | e | e | skeitos | scedo | escedo | "shield" m. | skoed | ysgwyt |
Galanego vowels presents following features:
- Galanego doesn't have diphthongization in open and closed syllables as in Portuguese and Catalan.
- Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
- Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.
Consonants
Palatalisation
Similar to all West romance languages, palatalisation happens when /k/ & /t/ are followed by /i/,/e/,/ɛ/ and semivowel /j/, they became /ts/ by middle Galega, and eventually /θ/:
Condition | Middle Galega | Late Galega | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
/k/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/ | /ts/ | /θ/ | kīkos > cigo /ˈθiɣo/ "meat" m. |
/t/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/ | anatlā > ança /ˈɑ̃θa/ "breath" f. |
Lenition
Consonant cluster generally simplified in Galega as shown in the following list:
Clusters | Condition | Late Galega | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
tt | t /t/ | kattos > cato "cat" m. | |
kk | c /k/ | brokkos > broco "badger" m. | |
ll | l /l/ | tullos > tolo "hole" m. | |
nn | n /n/ | kwennom > peno "head" m. | |
rr | r /r/ | karros > caro "car" m. | |
mm | m /m/ | mammā > mama "mother, mam" f. | |
mn | l /l/ | ||
nm | l /l/ | ||
mr | br /br/ | ||
ml | bl>br /br/ | ||
xs | s /s/ | ||
xt | t /t/ | ||
wl | t /t/ | ||
wr | t /t/ | ||
zd | t /t/ | nizdos > | |
zg | t /t/ | mezgos > |
Note that intervocalic /b/, /d/ and /g/ will be voiced further to pronounce as //, // and //, but no change is made on orthography.
Voicing
Syncope
- common syncope shared with Iberian-Romance
- intervocalic /l/ and /n/
Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:
- dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
- argantīnos > argantino > argancinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
- salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
- wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)
- syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/
Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:
Condition | Middle Galega | Late Galega | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
V/g/V without epenthesis | /ɣ/ | /∅/ | togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m. |
V/g/V with epenthesis | /j/ | brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f. |
Intervocalic /d/ follows similar rules:
Condition | Middle Galega | Late Galega | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
V/d/V without epenthesis | /ð/ | /∅/ | roudos > rʉðo > ruo > "red" adj. |
V/d/V with epenthesis | /j/ |
Nasalisation
Epensis
When middle vowels follow high vowels as a result of syncope or after normal sound changes, an /j/(written as /i/) will be inserted:
Condition | Middle Galega | Late Galega | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
/e/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/ | VV | VjV | senos > seo > seio /ˈsejo/ "old" adj. |
/ɛ/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/ |
But this change doesn't take place for /o/ and /ɔ/, as abonā > avona > avoa "river" f.
Liquid interchange
Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:
Condition | Examples |
---|---|
VlVl > VlVr | mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj. |
VrVr- > VrVl | eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m. |
Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).