Novoslovnica
| Novoslovnica | |
|---|---|
| Новословница | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|novo'slovnica]] |
| Created by | Yegor Karpov |
| Date | 2014 |
Conlang
| |
Novoslovnica is a constructed language created by Yegor Karpov in 2014. Its name is composed by the words nov ("new") and slovo ("word"). Its main features are lexical purism, wealthy phonology and logical stucture.
Phonology and orthography
Alphabet
| Latin | a/ä/á | å | b | c | č | d | đ | e/ë/é | ę | ě | f | g | ĝ | h | i/ï | j | ĵ | k | l | m | n | o/ö/ó | ô | p | r | ř | s | ŝ | š | t | u/ü/ú | ų | ů | v | w | x | y | z | ž |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic | а/я/á | å | б | ц | ч | д | џ | е/є/э | ѧ | ѣ | ф | г | ґ | х | и/i | j | й | к | л | м | н | о/ё/ó | ô | п | р | ҏ | с | s | ш | т | у/ю/ӯ | ų | ъ | в | ў | ќ | ы | з | ж |
Pronunciation
Every letter is pronounced in the only way, so it is easy to start reading Novoslovnica after learning the alphabet and the phonology of the language.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Labio-velar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m /m/ | n /n/ | Nasal | |||||||
| p /p/ b /b/ | t /t/ d /d/ | k /k/ ĝ /g/ | Plosive | ||||||
| f /f/ v /v/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ z /z/ | š /ʂ/ ž /ʐ/ | j /ʝ/ | x /x/ g /ɣ/ | Fricative | |||
| w /ʋ/ | ĵ /j/ | Approximant | |||||||
| r /r/ | Trill | ||||||||
| l /l/ | Lateral |
Vowels
The stress is movable, but it tends to the first syllable of the word's root.
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ï /i/ | y /ɨ/ ü /ʉ/ | u /u/ | Close | ||
| i /ɪ/ | ě /ɪ̈/ | ô /ʊ/ | Near-close | ||
| ë /e/ | e /ɘ/ ö /ɵ/ | o /o/ | Close-mid | ||
| ů /ə/ | Mid | ||||
| å /ʌ/ | Open-mid | ||||
| ä /æ/ | Near-open | ||||
| a /a/ | Open |
Vowels distinguish on long and short ones. In writing the long vowel is determinated by the akut on the letter ov the vowel. Vowels a, e, o and u can be long and short, other can be only short.
Grammar
Articles
There are three determinative articles: ůt/to/ta/te, ův/vo/va/ve and ůn/no/na/ne. Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the object spoken about. The difference between the three articles is in position of the object. The ůt article is used when we can not see the object. The ůn article is used when we can see the object, but it is far from us. The ův article is used when we can see the object and it is close to us.
Nouns
There are three numbers and 9 cases in Novoslovnica. Also there are three genders - masculine, feminine and neutral.
- dom - masculine
- voda - feminine
- slonco - neutral
There are 3 paradigms, which determines practically how the very word changes in cases.
| 1A | 1B | 2A | 2B | 3A | 3B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Voda | Dädä | Dųb | Slonco | Dver' | Vremę |
| Genitive | Vody | Dädï | Dųba | Slonca | Dverï | Vremenï |
| Partitive | Vody | Dädï | Dųbu | Sloncu | Dverï | Vremenï |
| Accusative | Vodu | Dädü | Dųb | Slonco | Dver' | Vremę |
| Dative | Vodě | Dädě | Dųbu | Sloncu | Dverï | Vremenï |
| Instrumentative | Vodoĵ | Dädëĵ | Dųbom | SLoncom | Dveriü | Vremenëm |
| Prepositive | O vodě | O dädě | O dųbě | O sloncě | O dverě | O vremeně |
| Locative | V vodji | Dädji | V dųbu | V sloncu | Dverji | Vo vremenji |
| Vocative | Vodo | Dädö | Dųbe | Slonce | Dverï | Vremų |
Adjectives
Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.
There are full and brief adjectives.
| masc, firm | masc, soft | fem, firm | fem,soft | neu, firm | neu, soft | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Krasnyĵ | |||||
| Genitive | Krasnoga | |||||
| Partitive | Krasnogu | |||||
| Accusative | Krasnogo | |||||
| Dative | Krasnomu | |||||
| Instrumentative | Krasnym | |||||
| Prepositive | O Krasnom | |||||
| Locative | V Krasnomu | |||||
| Vocative | Krasnyĵ |
Adverbs
Adverbs may be identified by adding -e to an stem of the adjective.
- jasno (clear) → jasne (clearly)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| Ja | I |
| ty | you |
| On/Ona/Ono | he/she/it |
| Ma | we two |
| Va | you two |
| Ona | they two |
| My | we |
| Vy | you |
| Oni | they |
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns change in cases quite as adjectives.
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| môĵ | I, mine |
| tvôĵ | your, yours |
| jegôĵ/jejôĵ | his/her, his/hers |
| naš | our, ours |
| vaš | your, yours |
| Ihniĵ | their, theirs |
Interrogative pronouns
| Novbasa | English |
|---|---|
| kto | who |
| čto | what |
| dy | when |
| de | where |
| kak | how |
| začto | why |
| kolïko | how much |
Verbs
| Tense | Novbasa | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | strojati | to build |
| Present | ja strojam | I build |
| Present perfect | ja sům strojal | I have built |
| Past | Ja strojah | I built |
| Past perfect | Ja byh strojal | I had built |
| Future | Ja hte strojam | I will build |
| Near future | Ja budu strojati | I am going to build |
| Conditional | Ja bih strojal | I would build |
| Imperative | Stroj(aĵ)! | build! |
| Present Participle | Strojačiĵ | building |
| Past Participle | Strojan | built |
There are 4 different types of conjuction. Their conjuction depends on what vowels is on the end of the verb's stem. These vowels are: a, e, i, u.
The reflexive is formed by putting sę before the verb.
The passive is formed by dealing with the verb byti and past participle of the verb.
Byti
Byti ("to be") is one of irregular verbs.
| Tense | Novbasa | English |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | Byti | to be |
| Present | Ja sům | I am |
| Present perfect | Ja sům byl | I have been |
| Past | Ja byh | I was |
| Past pefect | Ja byh byl | I had been |
| Future | Ja hte sům | I will be |
| Near future | Ja budu | I am going to be |
| Conditional | Ja byh byl | I would be |
| Imperative | Bud'! | be! |
| Present Participle | Sųštyĵ | being |
Numerals
Сardinal
| Number | Cardinal | Number | Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nôl' | 11 | jedennaĵčě |
| 1 | jeden | 20 | dvaĵčě |
| 2 | dva | 21 | dvaĵčě i jeden |
| 3 | tri | 30 | triĵčě |
| 4 | četyri | 40 | četyridesět |
| 5 | pět | 50 | pětdesět |
| 6 | šest | 100 | sto |
| 7 | sedem | 200 | dvěstě |
| 8 | osem | 237 | dvěstě triĵčě sedem |
| 9 | devět | 1000 | tysęča |
| 10 | desět | 2000 | dvě tysęčy |
Ordinal
| Number | Cardinal | Number | Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nôlövyĵ | 11 | jedennaĵčětyĵ |
| 1 | půrvyĵ | 20 | dvaĵčětyĵ |
| 2 | vtoryĵ | 21 | dvaĵčě půrvyĵ |
| 3 | tretïĵ | 30 | triĵčětyĵ |
| 4 | četvůrtyĵ | 40 | četyriĵčětyĵ |
| 5 | pětyĵ | 50 | pětdesětyĵ |
| 6 | šestyĵ | 100 | stotyĵ |
| 7 | sedmyĵ | 200 | dvôhsůtyĵ |
| 8 | osmyĵ | 237 | dvěstě triĵčě sedmyĵ |
| 9 | devětyĵ | 1000 | tysęčnyĵ |
| 10 | desětyĵ | 2000 | dvôhtysęčnyĵ |
Lexicon
Lexicon is made up from all slavonic languages. Now the vocabulary of Novoslovnica is about 2,5 thousand words and is developing.
Translations
Sample translations
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Vsě lüdski sųštestvy su rođany svobodnymi i råvnymi v dostoĵnostï i pravah. Oni su obdareny råzumom i sověstïü i musüt postųpati jeden do drugoga v duhu bratstva.
Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects.
Jazyk je lüdsko uměnië zjiskati i korystovati složny uklady občövanä, i jazyk je vsęk konkreten priklad ovoï uklady. Naučno izučene jazykov sę zova lingvistikoĵ. Ocěna ličovstva jazykov sę měnäje među pětïü i sedemïü tysęčami. Jednak, vsęky ocěny zavïsut od častične sámovôľnoga råzličenä jazykov i dïalektov.