Sekhulla

Sekhulla
səkʰulːa
Created by	Dillon Hartwig
Date	2020
Setting	Pollasena
Era	-2400 to -1700 MT
Language family	Wasc Sekhulla
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Sekhulla /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (Sekhulla: [səkʰulːa]) is a Wasc language spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the Sekhulla languages.

Etymology

Sekhulla is from the autonym səkʰulːa, from Wascotl *(cek)-cek-sole-la "our tongue".

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants

	Labial			Alveolar			palatal			Velar		Labialized velar		Glottal
Nasal	m			n						ŋ			ŋʷ
Stop	p	pʰ	b	t	tʰ	d	k	kʰ	kʷ	kʷʰ
Fricative		fʰ	v	s ɬ	sʰ ɬʰ	z ɮ	ʃ	ʃʰ	ʒ	ɣ		ɣʷ		h
Approximant				r l			j			w

• All voiced consonants can be geminated

Vowels

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
High	i	ɨ		u	uː
Mid			ə	əː
Low			a	aː

• /ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.

Stress

Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C)V(C).

Morphology

Alignment

Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Nouns are marked for class, number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.

Noun particles

	ACC	POSS	PL	LOC
1	a	en	ez'	he
2		nej		hej
CL1/CL2		nu		hé
CL3	al	nil	ez'e	hel
CL4	ax	nux		hex
CL5	ád	nid'		hed'

• Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.

Pronouns

Pronouns do not exist independently (except see Possession); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.

The demonstrative haːl can also be used as a pronoun.

Verbs

Agreement

Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows.

Verb agreement prefixes

	>1	>2	>CL1	>CL2	>CL3	>CL4	>CL5
1	sək-	səkʷ-	səkju-	səp-	sətna-	saŋːi-	su-
2	kʷər-	kʷəzə-	kʷərju-	kʷəp-	kʷəriɬ-	kʷəran-	kʷu-
CL1	ajːuːsə-	ajːuːɣʷə-	ajːu-	ajːuːp-	ajːuːwin-	ajːuːwan-	ajːuːuː-
CL2	parə-	paɣʷ-	pazajːu-	∅-	parin-	paŋːi-	pu-
CL3	ina-	inaɣʷ-	iɬjːuː-	inalː-	inaɬ-	inɮə-	nu-
CL4	ansə-	aŋʷːə-	aŋːajːu-	aŋːip-	aŋːi-	aŋːin-	u-
CL5	us-	uɣʷ-	uwajːu-	uba-	uwiɬ-	uwaŋːi-

• Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.

Copula

The copula pazən inflects as follows.

Copulae

	>1	>2	>CL1	>CL2	>CL3	>CL4	>CL5
1	səɣən	səɣʷəːn	səɣajːuːən	səpaən	sətnaɮən	saŋːiən	suən
2	kʷərən	kʷəzən	kʷərajːuːən	kʷəbaən	kʷəriɮən	kʷəranən	kʷuən
CL1	ajːuːsəɣən	ajːuːɣʷəzən	ajːuːən	ajːuːbaən	ajːuːwinən	ajːuːwanən	ajːuːuːən
CL2	parəɣən	paɣʷəːn	pazajːuːən	pazən	parinən	paŋːiən	puən
CL3	inasən	inaɣʷə:n	inaɮjːuːən	inaplaən	inaɮən	inaɮanən	nuən
CL4	ansəɣən	aŋʷːəːn	aŋːajːuːən	aŋːibaən	aŋːinən	aŋːiən	uən
CL5	usəːn	uɣʷəːn	uwajːuːən	ubaən	uwinaɮən	uwaŋːiən

Numerals

Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.

Numerals

1	2	3	4	5	6
haːl	əh	ta	am	kʷi	kuː
7	8	9	10	11	12
əzaːl	əːh	əda	əam	əɣʷi	ɬi
13	24	144	1,728	20,736	248,832
ɬi haːl	əh ɬi	əsʰi	ɬiɣan	əsʰiɣan	ɬi əsʰiɣan

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

-aʃ

The causative suffix -aʃ can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.

-suʃ

-suʃ can be used productively to derive adjectives.

Syntax

Constituent order

SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.

Noun and verb phrases

All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative haːl precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer aːaːə-.

Example texts

Linguifex-hosted translations

• Translated works in Sekhulla
• Sekhulla/Test Case Sentences
• Sekhulla/Corpus

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

• CALS translations

Other resources

CALS