Plairaewatthanayut
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless Stop/Affricate | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | ts /ts/ | tσ /tɬ/ | tj /tʃ/ | k /kʰ/ | ||
| Voiced Stop/Affricate | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | dz /dz/ | dλ /dɮ/ | dj /dʒ/ | g /k~g/ | ||
| Voiceless Fricative | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ | |
| Voiced Fricative | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | λ /ɮ/ | zj /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
| Approximant | l /ɫ/ | r /ɹ̱/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
Vowels
| Vowel | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /a/ |
| æ | /ɛ/ |
| e | /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect |
| i | /ɪ/ |
| o | /ɔ/ |
| ø | /ɵ/ |
| u | /ʉ/ |
Lenition
| Normal | p | t | ts | s | tσ | σ | tj | sj | k | b | d | dz | z | dλ | λ | dj | zj | g |
| Lenited | f | th | s | h | σ | h | sj | h | ch | v | dh | z | 0 | λ | 0 | zj | 0 | gh |
| Normal | m | n | ng | w | l | r | y |
| Lenited | w | n | w | w | w | r | y |
Prosody
Stress
Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
- When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
- When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
- When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.
For example:
- bær 'leaf' → vær
- rasj 'spouse' → rasj
- zaweth 'ant' → aweth
- zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, ʙᴜᴛ:
- λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
- ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
- farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, ʙᴜᴛ:
- me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
- ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe
Feminine nouns
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
| Header text | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | [nom stem] | [nom stem]+me | [nom stem]+næ | [nom stem]+nø |
| Genitive | [gen stem] | [nom stem]+men | [nom stem]+nær | [nom stem]+nør |
| Accusative | [acc stem] | [nom stem]+meth | [nom stem]+næth | [nom stem]+nøth |
| Dative | æn+[gen stem] | æn+[nom stem]+men | æn+[nom stem]+nær | æn+[nom stem]+nør |
| Locative | me+[lenited gen stem] | me+[lenited nom stem]+men | me+[lenited nom stem]+nær | me+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Exlocative | ow+[lenited gen stem] | ow+[lenited nom stem]+men | ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær | ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Instrumental | rø+[lenited gen stem] | rø+[lenited nom stem]+men | rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Abessive | tsø+[lenited gen stem] | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Equative | λø+[lenited gen stem] | λø+[lenited nom stem]+men | λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær | λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Anti-equative | ød+[lenited gen stem] | ød+[lenited nom stem]+men | ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær | ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør |
| Vocative | [lenited nom stem] | [lenited nom stem]+me | [lenited nom stem]+næ | [lenited nom stem]+nø |
- [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
- [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
- [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
Here are two examples:
| erim 'tail' | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | erim | erimme | erimnæ | erimnø |
| Genitive | erime | erimmen | erimnær | erimnør |
| Accusative | erimeth | erimmeth | erimnæth | erimnøth |
| Dative | ænerime | ænerimmen | ænerimnær | ænerimnør |
| Locative | menerime | menerimmen | menerimnær | menerimnør |
| Exlocative | ownerime | ownerimmen | ownerimnær | ownerimnør |
| Instrumental | rønerime | rønerimmen | rønerimnær | rønerimnør |
| Abessive | tsønerime | tsønerimmen | tsønerimnær | tsønerimnør |
| Equative | λønerime | λønerimmen | λønerimnær | λønerimnør |
| Anti-equative | ødnerime | ødnerimmen | ødnerimnær | ødnerimnør |
| Vocative | nerim | nerimme | nerimnæ | nerimnø |
| neσa 'rope' | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | neσa | neσame | neσanæ | neσanø |
| Genitive | neσan | neσamen | neσanær | neσanør |
| Accusative | neσath | neσameth | neσanæth | neσanøth |
| Dative | ænneσan | ænneσamen | ænneσanær | ænneσanør |
| Locative | meneσan | meneσamen | meneσanær | meneσanør |
| Exlocative | owneσan | owneσamen | owneσanær | owneσanør |
| Instrumental | røneσan | røneσamen | røneσanær | røneσanør |
| Abessive | tsøneσan | tsøneσamen | tsøneσanær | tsøneσanør |
| Equative | λøneσan | λøneσamen | λøneσanær | λøneσanør |
| Anti-equative | ødneσan | ødneσamen | ødneσanær | ødneσanør |
| Vocative | neσa | neσame | neσanæ | neσanø |
Masculine nouns
First declension
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
- If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
- If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
- Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
The paradigm is:
| Header text | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | [nom stem] | [nom stem]+me | [nom stem]+æ | [nom stem]+ø |
| Genitive | [gen stem] | [nom stem]+men | [nom stem]+ær | [nom stem]+ør |
| Accusative | [acc stem] | [nom stem]+meth | [nom stem]+æth | [nom stem]+øth |
| Dative | æn+[gen stem] | æn+[nom stem]+men | æn+[nom stem]+ær | æn+[nom stem]+ør |
| Locative | me+[lenited gen stem] | me+[lenited nom stem]+men | me+[lenited nom stem]+ær | me+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Exlocative | ow+[lenited gen stem] | ow+[lenited nom stem]+men | ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær | ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Instrumental | rø+[lenited gen stem] | rø+[lenited nom stem]+men | rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær | rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Abessive | tsø+[lenited gen stem] | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær | tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Equative | λø+[lenited gen stem] | λø+[lenited nom stem]+men | λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær | λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Anti-equative | ød+[lenited gen stem] | ød+[lenited nom stem]+men | ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær | ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør |
| Vocative | [lenited nom stem] | [lenited nom stem]+me | [lenited nom stem]+æ | [lenited nom stem]+ø |
Here's an example:
| newæth 'root' | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | newæth | newæthme | newæthæ | newæthø |
| Genitive | newæsj | newæthmen | newæthær | newæthør |
| Accusative | newæt | newæthmeth | newæthæth | newæthøth |
| Dative | ænnewæsj | ænnewæthmen | ænnewæthær | ænnewæthør |
| Locative | menewæsj | menewæthmen | menewæthær | menewæthør |
| Exlocative | ownewæsj | ownewæthmen | ownewæthær | ownewæthør |
| Instrumental | rønewæsj | rønewæthmen | rønewæthær | rønewæthør |
| Abessive | tsønewæsj | tsønewæthmen | tsønewæthær | tsønewæthør |
| Equative | λønewæsj | λønewæthmen | λønewæthær | λønewæthør |
| Anti-equative | ødnewæsj | ødnewæthmen | ødnewæthær | ødnewæthør |
| Vocative | newæth | newæthme | newæthnæ | newæthnø |
Second declension
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is simply formed by replacing the last vowel with r, and the accusative stem is formed by suffixing -rth. The paradigm is as follows:
| Header text | Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | [nom stem] | [gen stem]+em | [gen stem]+æ | [gen stem]+ø |
| Genitive | [gen stem]+e | [gen stem]+emen | [gen stem]+rær | [gen stem]+rør |
| Accusative | [acc stem] | [gen stem]+emeth | [gen stem]+ræth | [gen stem]+røth |
| Dative | æn+[gen stem]+e | æn+[gen stem]+emen | æn+[gen stem]+rær | æn+[gen stem]+rør |
| Locative | me+[lenited gen stem]+e | me+[lenited gen stem]+emen | me+[lenited gen stem]+rær | me+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Exlocative | ow+[lenited gen stem]+e | ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen | ow+[lenited gen stem]+rær | ow+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Instrumental | rø+[lenited gen stem]+e | rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen | rø+[lenited gen stem]+rær | rø+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Abessive | tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e | tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen | tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rær | tsø+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Equative | λø+[lenited gen stem]+e | λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen | λø+[lenited gen stem]+rær | λø+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Anti-equative | ød+[lenited gen stem]+e | ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen | ød+[lenited gen stem]+rær | ød+[lenited gen stem]+rør |
| Vocative | [lenited nom stem] | [lenited gen stem]+em | [lenited gen stem]+æ | [lenited gen stem]+ø |