Æ
Æ (natively jạrˀ Æ [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ eh) is an Angaian monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language). It belongs to the Rieng-Chrâtt language family.
Æ natively uses a initial-and-rime orthography developed from a fanqie system.
Todo
Morph into Æ
Chè mè trìa khuất phóng lươm,
Áng về xoắt huận trừ đườm đẽo ganh.
Thẫm hường ngơ nghẻ dổi nành,
Nghiểu bêm liệp lặn tỷ thanh dói rừ.
Gib with lots of từ láy: chè mè (m-), đườm đẽo (-eoC), ngơ nghẻ (-eC), liệp lặn (-ănB)
Diachronics sketch
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ
Broad phonology
Initials
b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0 /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/
Medials
-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.
Vowels
Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ: u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/
Finals
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -ˀ -jˀ -vˀ -dˀ -rˀ -nˀ -mˀ /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -ŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -ŋ͡mʔ/
Origins of finals
- -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
- -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
- -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
- -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
- -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
- -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
- -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)
Tones
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
Tone box
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)
| A (null/voiced coda) | B (glottal stop coda) | C (fricative coda) | D (voiceless stop coda) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modal initial | a | á | ả | áˀ |
| Breathy initial | à | ạ | ã | ạˀ |
Narrow phonology
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
Initials
Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.
Rimes with no -r- medial
| Nucleus | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /æː/ | /æ/ | /ɛ/ | /œ/ | /ɔ/ | /e/ | /ø/ | /o/ | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | /ɨː/ | /ɨ/ | ||
| Coda | /0/ | [ɛː] a |
- | [eː] æ |
[œ̝ː] æ̊ |
[ɔ̽ː] å |
[e̝ː] e |
[øː] ø |
[o̝ː] o |
[iː] i |
[yː] y |
[uː] ů |
[ɨː] u |
- |
| /j(ʔ)/ | [ɛːj] aj |
[ɑ̈j] ăj |
- | - | [ɒ̽ːj] åj |
- | - | [oːj] oj |
- | - | [uːj] ůj |
[ɨːj] uj |
[əj] ŭj | |
| /w(ʔ)/ | [ɛːw] av |
[æw] ăv |
[eːw] æv |
[œːw] æ̊v |
[ɔ̽ːw] åv |
[e̝ːw] ev |
[øːw] øv |
- | [iːw] iv |
[yːw] yv |
- | [ɨːw] uv |
[əw] ŭv | |
| /ð(ʔ)/ | [ɛːð̠˕ˠ] ad |
[æð̠˕ˠ] ăd |
[eːð̠˕ˠ] æd |
[œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ] æ̊d |
[ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ] åd |
[e̝ːð̠˕ˠ] ed |
[øːð̠˕ˠ] ød |
[o̝ːð̠˕ˠ] od |
[iːð̠˕ˠ] id |
[yːð̠˕ˠ] yd |
[uːð̠˕ˠ] ůd |
[ð̩˕˗ˠː] ud |
[əð̠˕ˠ] ŭd | |
| /ɐ̯(ʔ)/ | [ɑ̈ː] ar |
[ɑ̈ː] ăr |
[eːɒ̯̽] ær |
[œːɒ̯̽] æ̊r |
[ɒ̝ː] år |
[e̝ːɒ̯̽] er |
[øːɒ̯̽] ør |
[o̝ːɒ̯̽] or |
[iːɒ̯̽] ir |
[yːɒ̯̽] yr |
[uːɒ̯̽] ůr |
[ɨːɒ̯̽] ur |
[əɒ̯̽] ŭr | |
| /ŋ(ʔ)/ | [ɛ̃ː] an |
[ãː] ăn | ||||||||||||
| /ŋ͡m(ʔ)/ | [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃] am |
[æ̃w̃~æw̃] ăm | ||||||||||||
| /ʔ/ | [ɛːʔ] aˀ |
[æʔ] ăˀ | ||||||||||||
Grammar
Polar questions
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
- Mæ̣rˀ húd med blảj Æ? / Mæ̣rˀ húd blảj Æ med?
- 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
- Are you Æ?
Poetry
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form