Toki Ike
Historical phonology
s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t
Finnishy subfamily
ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo
Numbers
kēma, rtingōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, tarling, rtʼāma, rōrtʼē, loyrtʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
Phonology
Consonants
Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | rn /ɳ/ | ng /ŋ~ɴ/ | |||
| Plosive | plain | p /p~b/ | t /t~d/ | rt /ʈ~ɖ/ | k /k~g/ | q /q~ɢ/ | |
| ejective | pʼ /pʼ/ | tʼ /tʼ/ | rtʼ /ʈʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | qʼ /qʼ/ | ||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | rl /ɭ/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e~ə/ | ē /eː/ | o /o/ | ō /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa
Composition
- Proto-Kammalic
- Geminates > ejectives
- Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
- Khmerization? Ejective shifting?
- p p' > b p, Pseudo-Quechua
- Ubykh parody:
- Vowel changes: a e i o u > ca ja je cwa we; ā ē ī ō ū > ca: je ji cwe wu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ce cwe ja wa ju cwe cwu wi je we; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ci: cwu: ji: ji: ju: cwi: cwu: wi: ja: wa:; a: > a, i: u: > i u
- m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ ɥ j jˁ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u
- Pseudo-Arabic
- Both geminates and ejectives
- Finno-Bantu
- Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
- Hmooby-Doo: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!iː/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
- Ejectives > geminates
- Hyper-minlang
- Pseudo-Inuit
- Pseudo-Tamil
- Czechmate: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
- Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ
- Kammalic^2: qëm, rtingör, näa, laukw, tarling, qäm, röq, loyq, kwäa, eyör
- Kammalian: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór
- Geminates > ejectives
- a e i o u w ä ö ü aa ee ii oo uu ww ää öö üü ai aü au aw ia üa ua wa
- m hm n hn l hl r hr p ph np nph t th nt nth tr thr ntr nthr k kh nk nkh q qh nq nqh f nf y ny
- l can occur in clusters such as pl, tl, kl...
Grammar
Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs