Linguifex

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

< User:IlL‎ | Spare pages 1
Revision as of 03:54, 5 May 2016 by IlL (talk | contribs)

Tigal/Lexicon


Tigal (Tigal: a dTigal [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgoth dTigal [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the Tigal language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language.

1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > yar

Notes

  • i - i-umlaut
  • u - u-umlaut
  • L - lenition
  • N - eclipsis
  • h - h-prothesis

Phonology

Consonants

Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.

Tigal consonants
Labial Alveolar Lateral Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ [ɴ]
Stop/Affricate tenuis /b̥/ /d̥/ /ɡ̊/
aspirated /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /kʰ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /s/ /ɬ/ /x/ /χ~ʁ~ʀ/ /h/
voiced /v/ /z/ /ɮ/ /ɣ/
Trill
Approximant /w/ /ʟ/

Notes

  • The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
  • Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels (at least within a word).
  • /tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
  • /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
  • /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
  • /ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
  • /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
    • It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
    • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
  • /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
    • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.

Mutations

Consonant mutations
Grapheme m p b f n t d s z l ŋ c g r
IPA /m/ /pʰ/ /p/ /f/ /n/ /tʰ/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /ʟ/ /ŋ/ /kʰ/ /k/ /ʀ/
Lenited mh ph bh fh - th dh sh zh - - ch gh -
IPA /w/ /f/ /v/ silent - /ɬ/ /ɮ/ /h/ silent - - /x/ /ɣ/ -
Eclipsed - bp mb bhf - dt nd zs - nl - gc ŋg -
IPA - /p/ /m/ /v/ - /t/ /n/ /z/ - - - /k/ /ŋ/ -

Vowels

Tigal has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

Tigal vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short short long
Close i /ɪ/ í /iː/ y /ʏ/ ý /yː/ ú /ʉː/ u /ʊ/ ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid e /ɛ/ é /eː/ ø /œ/ ǿ /øː/ e /ə/ ó /ɵː/ el [ɤˁ] o /ɔ/ ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open á /æː/ a /ɐ/ al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Notes

Close vowels
  • /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
  • /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
  • /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
  • /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
  • /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
  • /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
  • /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
  • /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
  • /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
  • /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
  • [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
  • /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
  • /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
  • /æː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
  • /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut
Root vowel a a e é i í ia o ó u ú ua
u-umlaut o ó ø ǿ y ý ya - - - - -
i-umlaut e é - - - - - ø ǿ y ý ya

L-colored vowels

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúda - 'time'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite clúda-L clúdann
Definite a clúda clúdar
Construct clúdath clúdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite suar-N suara-H
Definite a shuar-L suarann
Construct suara-L suarar

Feminine vowel declension

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite iamh iamhar
Definite a n-iamh-N a h-iamh-H
Construct yamha-L yamhar

Adjectives

giath 'sharp'
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Indefinite ŋuar ŋgiath ŋuara giatha tilŋ giath tilŋar giathar
Definite a ŋuar ghiathCLF ŋuarann giathannCLF a dtilŋ ŋgiathCLF a tilŋ giathCLF
Construct ŋuara ghiathCLF ŋuarar giathannCLF tylŋa ghiathCLF tylŋar giathCLF

Pronouns

Prepositions

Verbs

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:IlL/Spare_pages_1/51&oldid=48927"