Eta-Talmic
Proto-Talmic is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).
Diachronics
Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:
- Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
- Ejectives become voiced stops:
- cʼ z > z
- ƛʼ λ > ɮ
- qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
- xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
- ƛ > t
- Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
- lenition of p > φ
- Cluster simplifications
- tk, tq > rk, rq
Phonology
Consonants
| Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Labiouvular | Glottal | ||
| Nasal | *m | *n | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | ||||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *ɸ | *s | *ɬ | *h | |||||
| voiced | *ɮ | *ʁ | *ʁʷ | |||||||
| Resonant | *r | *l | *j | *w | ||||||
Vowels
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs:
ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
Thensarian reflexes
PTal reflexes in bold
- *a > o > o
- *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
- *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *ə > e > e
- *i > i > i
- *u > u > u
- *ay > oi > ȳ
- *əy > ai > ae
- *iy > ei > ē
- *uy > ui > ui
- *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
- *aw > ou > ao
- *əw > eu > iō
- *iw > iu > iū
- *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
- *uw > ou > ao
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co > Co
- *Cx > Cə > Cy
- *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au > ao
- *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > eu > iō
- *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
- *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
- *iy(ə)x > ije > iē
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Verbs
TAM + subject markers
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Syntax
- *-is = emphatic particle