User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

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IlL/Spare pages 1/51
an Thìogall
Pronunciation	[[w:Help:IPA|ə ˈθiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Native speakers	125 million (fT 7E0dd)
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tìogallic IlL/Spare pages 1/51
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qtg

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Tìogall /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or an ŋgàth dTìogall /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a Talmic language inspired by Irish and German. Tìogall is a pluricentric language with a high degree of dialect diversity (namely, it is an official language in two countries, the peninsular Duìnidhe with more dialect diversity and the larger Neoibhir with less dialect diversity). With 125 million speakers it's the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.

Todo

• càdlàg
• Thermodynamics vocabulary:
  • hot: nua /ˈnuə/
  • cold: srabh /ˈsɾav/
  • temperature:
  • heat: nòi /ˈnøː/ (f.)
  • thermodynamics: nòidùbha /ˈnøːˌdʉːvə/ (f.) [lit. heat-teaching]
  • energy: fàldoise /ˈfɑʟˌdœsə/ (f.) [lit. within-work]
  • entropy:
  • waste heat: laidhnòi [ˈʁɛðˌnøː] (f.) [lit. away-heat]
• Translate Haggadah (as exercise)
• Affixes:
  • -te/-the/-ta/tha
• -àn, -àin: derives adjectives

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view its (transliterated) spelling in the native orthography.

Symbols

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition/aspiration
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^B - b-prefixation

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. The letters j /j/ and v /v/ are not used except in Netagin and other loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c) (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The native spelling also uses ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩.

Sound changes

Thensarian to Old Tìogall

Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh

Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr

Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a à è ì ò ù uì ae ao oì ea eà eò iù

In stressed syllables: a e i o u à è ì ò ù ae ao eà eo iù oì uì >

• before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u à èa ìo ò ù ae ao eà eò iù oìo uìo
• before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ài èi ì òi ùi aei aoi eài eòi iùi oì uì

Unstressed vowels reduce to a

Harmonization: a > e (when final) or i after i in the previous syllable

Sometimes:

• èa, ò, òi > ia, ua, uai

Old Tìogall to Modern Tìogall

• aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
• prenasalized stops coalesce
• /k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
• Vowel simplifications:
  • i(o) > /ɪ/; ì(o) oì(o) uì(o) > /iː/
  • eà(i) eò(i) iù(i) merge into à(i) ò(i) ù(i), preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
• Further monophthongization
  • ea > /ɛ/
  • ae ao > /eː oː/
  • ai ài ei èi oi òi ui ùi aei aoi uai > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
• Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
• a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
• unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
• voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
• /ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
• /oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/
• /l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
• Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/

Phonology

ètaoin (Standard) Tìogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tìogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tìogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.

The following describes Tìogall as spoken in Smeola, the capital of Duìnidhe which is often called the "Duìnidhe accent".

Stress

Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
Stop	fortis	/p/	/t/		/k/		(ʔ)
	lenis	/b/	/d/		/g/
Affricate	fortis		/ts/	/tʃ/
	lenis		/dz/	/dʒ/
Spirant	unvoiced	/f/	/θ/		/x/
	voiced	/v/	/ð/		/ɣ/
Sibilant	unvoiced		/s/	/ʃ/			/h/
	voiced		/z/
Liquid			/ɾ~ɺ~l/			/ʁ~ʟ/
Approximant		/w/		/j/

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
• Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
• /s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
• The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
  • After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
  • Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
  • Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
• /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
• The uvular liquid /ɢ̆~ʟ/:
  • The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
  • The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. This allophone will be transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience.
  • In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
• After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short. (Unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

Fortis and lenis resonants

Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:

• /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
• /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
• /n/ > /ð̞̃/
• /N/ > /n/
• /r/ > /ɹ/
• /R/ > /ɾ/

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s*	z	r	ŋ	c	g	l	h	0
IPA	/m/	/p/	/b/	/f/	/n/	/t/	/d/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ~l/	/ŋ/	/k/, /tʃ/	/g/, /dʒ/	/ʟ/	/h/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-	-	h-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	/h/	-	/θ/	/ð/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/, /ʃ/	/ɣ/, /j/	-	-	/h/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	-	-	gc	ŋg	-	-	n-
IPA	-	/b/	/m/	/v/	-	/d/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/g/, /dʒ/	/ŋ/	-	-	/n/

^*The clusters sp, st, sc do not mutate.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short
Close	/ɪ/	/iː/	/ʏ/	/yː/		/ʉː/		/ʊ/
Mid	/ɛ/	/eː/	/œ/	/øː/	[ə]	/ɵː/	[ɤˁ]	/ɔ/
Open					/a/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw eːj eːw øːj øːw iəw yəw uəj/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.

A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written h in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).

L-colored vowels

L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tìogall):

• /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
• /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
• /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
• /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
• /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
• /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
• /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
• /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
• /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
• /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
• /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/

Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-colored vowels display no secondary articulation.

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
• /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
• /iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
• /yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] (listen).
• /yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
• /ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʏʟ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
• /eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
• /ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] (listen).
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
  • If a sonorant /m, n, ŋ, l/ follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen).
• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
• /ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots:

• bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) st sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr

Some phonological rules

• unstressed /əwə/ > -ù- /ʉː/
• /ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/

Dialectology

Tìogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

Smeola accent

Described in the "Phonology" section.

Scàdar accent

This dialect is most prominent in and around the òc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊkoʊ/) metropolitan area in Neoibhir.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
• /Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
• r = [l̆] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
• /θ, ð/ = [ts, dz] when not before a plosive
• No Auslautverhärtung at all (except -ig and -igh)
  • Word-final -ig and -igh pronounced as [-ɪç].
• /ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
• /ɛj/ > [aj]

Cnòlta accent

Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnòlta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duìnidhe. Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
  • /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃]
• /tʃ, dʒ/ = [ts~tɕ, dz~dʑ]
• /eː, øː/ = [eə, øə]
• /eːj, øːj, ɛj, œj/ = [eː, øː, ɛː, œː]
• r is pronounced as a bunched [ɹ], which retracts preceding front vowels /ɪ, ɛ/ to /ɨ, ɜ/.
• /ʉː, ɵː, aw/ = [ʉu, ɵu, æu]
• /aː/ = [ɛa]
• /sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sŋ, sʟ, sɾ/ = [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk, ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃʁ, ʃɹ]

Còdha accent

Còdha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duìnidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
  • /iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
  • /yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
  • /ʊʟ/ = [uː]
  • /eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
  • /ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
  • /øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
  • /œʟ/ = [œɔ]
  • /ɔʟ/ = [oː]
  • /aʟ/ = [ɒː]
• r = [l] in all positions
• (other features)

Tumaca accent

Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duìnidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tìogall")

• /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
• /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
• /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, ɻ].
• th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
• /ʉ, ɵ/ are fully back [uː, oː].

Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent

non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Còdha

èise accent

èise (/ˈiːsə/) - Neoibhir

Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:

• /ɪ i ʏ y ʉ ʊ/
• /ɛ e œ ø ə ɵ ɔ/
• /ɐ a/
• /iə yə uə aw æj œj ej øj/
• /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (reist ŋullàn /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (reist dhèàn /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are aksi inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct).

scain 'friend' (masculine)

Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	scain	scaine
Definite	an scain	scaineann
Construct	scain?	scainidh?
1sg possessor	ðoiron	ðoirinnən
2sg.m possessor	ðoirossi	ðoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor	ðoirossiu	ðoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor	ðoirotiu	ðoirinniu
3sg.f possessor	ðoirotī	ðoirinnī
3sg.n possessor	ðoirota	ðoirinna
1exc possessor	ðoirosmə	ðoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor	ðoiroswi	ðoirinnəswi
2pl possessor	ðoiroka	ðoirinnəka
3pl possessor	ðoirotōr	ðoirinnətōr

Adjectives

Degree

The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -anna /-ənə/. The comparandum is marked with the particle rà /ɾaː/ 'than'.

The superlative is formed with the suffix -acht /-əxt/.

Pronouns

Personal

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns

	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
Independent	nà	fiar	hù	hì	gàmh	gèid	sèid	hàr
Dependent	dhà	iar	ù	ì	àmh	cèir	hèir	àr

To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -na/-ne is added to the pronoun.

Other

• tà = what?
• tuabh = who?
• tach = where?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

mo^L, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).

The sequence le + an contracts to lean /ʟən/.

Inflection of prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
chaoi 'before'	chaoin	chaois	chao	chaoi	chaoim	chaoid	chaoic	chaoir
de-L, d'- 'in, at'	dian	dias	diù	dì	diam	diad	diac	diar
dri-N 'on'	drion	dris	drù	drì	drim	drid	dric	drir
geil 'from'	geilin	geilis	gealu	geili	geilim	geilid	geilic	geilir
go-L 'with'	guan	gòis	gù	gùi	guam	guad	guac	guar
le 'to'	lion	leis	leo	lèi	liom	liod	lioc	lior
na 'with (instrumental)'	nain	nais	naoi	naì	naim	naid	naic	naer
ro (ergative)	rùinn	rùis	rù	rùi	rùm	rùd	rùc	rùr

Dli can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:

Dlien k:chèseredh a k:chèsen.

[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəθ ə ˈçeːsn̩]

on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food

I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Addition of the b-prefix

Certain verb forms undergo the morphophonological process of b-prefixation, which stems from the Thensarian 3rd person singular object prefix bi-. The b-prefix is not added to analytic forms (since those come from participles), impersonal forms, or imperatives.

For unprefixed verbs, the b-prefix is added by lenition of the stem's initial consonant. If the result of lenition begins with a vowel, then b'- is added.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the b-prefix works as follows:

• For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
• For other prefixes, the mutation that would otherwise be induced by the prefix is blocked.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. The participle affix -adh is deleted after verb stems ending in -th or -dh: mìodh hù < *mìodadh hù 'he gives'.

Template:Col-3

Present tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	BSTEM-an	BSTEM-ù
1.in	-	STEM-adh gèid BSTEM-ad (poetic)
2	BSTEM-ar	STEM-adh sèid BSTEM-as (poetic)
3.m	STEM-adh hù/hì	STEM-adh hàr
Impersonal	STEM-(a)1ra

Present tense of the verb moladh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mholan	mholù
1.in	-	moladh gèid mholad (poetic)
2	mholar	moladh sèid mholas (poetic)
3.m	moladh hù/hì	moladh hàr
Impersonal	molra

Present tense of the verb ididh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	b'idin	b'idù
1.in	-	ididh èid b'idid (poetic)
2	b'idel	ididh zèid b'ideasc (poetic)
3.m	ididh hù ididh hì	ididh hàr
Impersonal	idire

¹ The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

Imperfect tense

To form the imperfect tense, the particle grè is used before the verb, -e is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.

• grè more nà 'I used to thank'
• grè :ngide hì 'she used to lie'

Preterite tense

The preterite is considered archaic in Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects.

Perfect tense

The suffix ⁱ-ìn is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ètaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Kèsìn ruk lýn.

I ate/have eaten a fruit.

Pluperfect tense

grò + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

• grò mørìn nà 'I had thanked'
• grò idìn hì 'she had lain'

Future tense

Template:Col-3

Future tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	STEM-tedh nà BSTEM-ten (poetic)	STEM-tù
1.in	-	STEM-tedh gèd BSTEM-ted (poetic)
2	BSTEM-tel	STEM-tedh zèd BSTEM-tesk (poetic)
3.m	STEM-tedh ngù/hì	STEM-tedh hàr
Impersonal	STEM-ert

Future tense of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mołtedh nà m:wołten (poetic)	m:wołtù
1.in	-	mołtedh èd m:wołted (poetic)
2	m:wołtel	mołtedh zèid m:wołtesk (poetic)
3.m	mołtedh ngù/hì	mołtedh hàl
Impersonal	morelt

Future tense of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	idetedh nà b'ideten (poetic)	b'idetù
1.in	-	idetedh gèid b'ideted (poetic)
2	b'idetel	idetedh zèid b'idetesk (poetic)
3.m	idetedh ngù idetedh hì	idetedh hàl
Impersonal	idelt

The future marker t is lenited to th after c and p.

Future perfect tense

fàcht + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

Imperative

Template:Col-3

Imperative
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	STEM-ed!
2	STEM!	STEM-esk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	mored!
2	moł!	moresk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	ided!
2	id!	idesk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Verbal noun

The verbal noun serves many important syntactic functions.

Some markers for verbal nouns:

• -ill
• -as/-is?
• -ach/-ich
• -ta/-te?
• ablaut
• bare stem
• umlaut/-e

Numbers

• 1: ciamh /tʃiəw/
• 2: tioth /tiθ/
• 3: nàidh /neːð/
• 4: daoibh /døːv/
• 5: soil /sœʟ/
• 6: stàmh /staːw/
• 7: ruai /ɾyə/
• 8: lòidh /ʀøːð/
• 9: bairbh /bɛlv/
• 10: heor /hɵːl/
• 11: eàichimh /eːʃəw/
• 12: cnae /kneː/

Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers kiew and stàw come after the noun, while other numbers come before it.

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

• -e (f): nominalizer
• -abh/-ibh: diminutive
• -ach/-each: verbal noun (the most common suffix)
• -àn/-eàn, -àin/-eàin: adjectivizer
• -all/-eall: adjectivizer
• -ill (m.): nominalizer

Syntax

Main article: Tìogall/Syntax

Phrasebook

• An Saichte leis! (to one person)/An Saichte leac! (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the gods [give blessing] to you")
• Moile! = Thank you!
• Le h-èganta! = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
• Feilin [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
• Stànsa boire leis! = Happy Stannsa!
• Sŋaoichrè bhoire leis! = Happy birthday!
• Bithir huiŋeàn lion. = Nice to meet you.
• B'aeillin iar. = I love you.

Sample texts

The North Wind and the Sun

Phonetic version

An b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd

Kiewlàch grè an b:vuołkołn al an :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì, t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù. Ieliedhìn tytheln nì, ngamew èdhene zufìn ho rè ngù an b:vàn li k:grynteteth sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, an :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech. Anøs ngolìn an b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu. Di hèl an t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn an b:vuołkołn gił an snǿseł. Anøs sàsefìn fýne lu an :ngùd, al k:chèhest delvìn an :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng. Al anàst fàchìn frènìn an b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgiespech, nì an :ngùd hì an b:vàn :hèdhene.

Orthographic version

A bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd

Ciamhràch g'laì an bhòlcoln ar an ŋ-ùd d'usgach go nar dri nì thòbh gilar aèdhanna, àn nuaidhìn zothròiŋ de reìa d'zhìor go h-eisbel bhfùnn drù. èrèidhìn tiotharann nì ŋamamh aèdhanna zufìn sho laì ŋù an bhànn ri gcluintetadh sù heìon, s'an zhothròiŋ sho reà, an h-eisbel rizu sho dhearbhach. Anois ŋorrìn an bhòlcoln go thàn ri g'laì conrathu, ach go ŋorrach ar g'laì ŋorra ŋù, aòn ar-sŋùichdìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ dri ŋlùdhu. Di fhaìr an dtànabh, sìl-bhfàilìn an bhòlcoln gil an snòisel. Anois sàsaìn fùinne ru an ŋ-ùd, ar cheìesd dearbhìn an h-eisbel rizu ru an zhothròiŋ. Ar anàsd fàchìn flèinìn an bhòlcoln sho ghorgèach, nì an ŋ-ùd hì an bhànn h-aèdhanna.

Gloss

Kiewlàch grè a b:vuołkołn al a :ngùd d'uskech go nale dli nì t:thuov girel èdhene, àn nyødhìn zothlǿng de lèhe d'z:ýl go :hespeł f:wùn dlù.
[ˈcʰiəwl̠äːx qʷˁeː ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn əl̠ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ˈtʊs̠kəx kə ˈnal̠ə dɾɪ niː ˈθɵ̠ːv ˈɡɪʁᵝəl̠ ˈeːðənə̟ ǀ äːn ˈnyəðiːn ˈz̠ɔθl̠øːŋ də ˈl̠eːə ˈdyːl̠ ɡə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈwʉ̠ːn dɾʉ̠ː]
kiewlàch grè-N a-L buołkołn al a-N ùd de-L uskech go-L nale dli nì-L tuov gir-el èdh-ene, àn-L nyødh-ìn zothl-ǿng de-L lèhe de-L zýl go-L espeł N-fùn dl-ù
one_time IPF DEF.M.SG north-wind and DEF.F.SG sun COMIT each_other on COMP who from-3PL strong-CMPV, when easily-PST.PART travel-AGT LOC come-VN LOC way COMIT cloak INDEF.M.SG.warm on-3SG
Once the north wind and the sun were arguing with each other about which one was stronger, when a traveler appeared in the way with a warm cloak on him.

Ieliedhìn tythlen nì ngamew èdhene zuspìn ho rè ngù a b:vàn li k:gryntetedh sù hǿn, s'an z:othlǿng ho là, a :hespeł lizu ho d:dhelvech.
[ˈʔiəl̠iəðiːn ˈtʰʏθl̠ən niː ˈŋɐməw ˈeːðənə ˈʐʊs̠piːn hɔ̽ ʁeː ŋʉ̠ː ə väːn l̠ɪ ɢʷˁʏntʰətʰəθ s̠ʉ̠ː høːn ǀ s̠ən ˈɔθl̠øːŋ hɔ̽ ˈl̠äː ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ hɔ̽ ˈðɛl̠vəx]
ie-liedh-ìn tythel-en nì-L ngamew èdhene zusp-ìn ho-L rè ngù a-L bàn li-N k:grynt-et-edh s-ù hǿn so-L an-L z:othlǿng ho-L là, a-L espeł liz-u ho-L delv-ech
together-come-PST.PART two-DEF.M.PL COMP must strong-CMPV TEL-count_as-PST.PART TO_INFINITIVE be.VN 3SG.M.INDEP DEF-M one REL succeed-FUT-PART to-3SG.M first to DEF.M.SG traveller TO_INFINITIVE make.VN DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M TO_INFINITIVE take_off-VN
The two agreed that he was to be considered stronger who would first succeed in making the traveler take off his cloak.

ùle ngolìn a b:vuołkołn go t:thàn li grè conlethu, ach go ngolech al grè ngole ngù, òn al-sngýchtìn a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng dli ngùłdhu.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈŋɔl̠iːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gə ˈθäːn lɪ qʷˁeː ˈkʰɔnl̠əθʊ ǀ ʔɐx ˈŋɔl̠əx əl̠ qʷˁeː ˈŋɔl̠ə ŋʉ̠ː ǀ ˈɵːn ˈɐl̠s̠ɲyːxtiːn ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ l̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔθl̠øːŋ ə dɾɪ ˈŋʊᵝˁðʊ]
ùle ngol-ìn a buołkłn go-L tàn li-N grè conleth-u ach go-L ngol-ech al grè ngol-e ngù òn al-sngýcht-ìn a-L espeł liz-u lu an zothlǿng dli ngùłdh-u
now blow-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind COMI all DEF IPFV might-3SG.M, but COMI blow-VN and IPFV blow-IPFV 3SG.M.INDEP more fasten-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak POSS-3SG.M ERG DEF.M.SG traveller on body-3SG.M
Now the north wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more did the traveler fasten the cloak around him.

De f:hèl a t:dànev, sìł-wàrìn a b:vuołkołn gił a snǿseł.
[tɛ ˈheːl̠ ə däːnəv ˈsiːɤᵝˁwɑːʁᵝiːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn gɪɤᵝˁ ə ˈʂnøːs̠ɤᵝˁ]
de-L fèl a-N tànev sìł-wàr-ìn a-L buołkołn gił a-L snǿs-eł
LOC bottom DEF lamp give_up-PST.PART DEF.M.SG north_wind from DEF.SG.N continue-VN
Realizing that continuing would be futile, the north wind gave up continuing.

ùle sàsefìn fýne lu a :ngùd, al k:chèhest delvìn a :hespeł lizu lu an z:othlǿng.
[ˈʔʉ̠ːl̠ə ˈs̠äːs̠əfiːn ˈfyːnə l̠ʊ ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt ǀ əl̠ ˈçeːəst tɛl̠viːn ə ˈhɛs̠pɤᵝˁ ˈl̠ɪz̠ʊ l̠ʊ ən ˈɔðl̠øːŋ]
ùle sàsef-ìn fýne lu a-N ùd al L-cèhest delv-ìn a-L hespeł liz-u lu an-L zothlǿng
now shine-PST.PART warmth ERG DEF.F.SG sun, and ADV-immediate take_off-PST.PART DEF.M.SG cloak ERG DEF.M.SG traveler
Now the sun shined out warmth, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.

Al anàst fàch frènìn a b:vuołkołn ho g:gholgèhech, nì a :ngùd hì a b:vàn :hèdhene.
[əl̠ əˈnäːs̠t fäːx ˈfʁᵝeːniːn ə ˈvʊːˁkʰɔːˁn hɔ̽ ˈɣɔl̠geːəx ǀ niː ə ˈŋʉ̠ːt hiː ə väːn ˈheːðənə̟]
al anàst fàch frèn-ìn a-L buołkołn ho-L golgie-ech nì a-N ùd hì a-L bàn L-èdh-ene
and thus be.PRET obligate-PST.PART DEF.M.SG TO_INFINITIVE confess.VN, COMP DEF.F.SG 3SG.F.INDEP DEF.M.SG one DEF.M.SG-strong-CMPV
And thus the north wind was obliged to admit that the sun was the stronger one.