Pandoga is a triconsonantal language with an Indic aesthetic.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
There are 22 consonants in Pandoga (as in Hebrew!)
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | |||
| Voiced stop | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | |||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | |||||
| Fricative | s /s/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | h /h/ | |||||
| Voiced fricative | z /z/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral | l /l/ | ḷ /ɺ̢/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ |
Vowels
Pandoga has an unusual 5 vowel system:
| Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /ɐ/ |
| ā | /a:/ |
| e | /e:/ |
| i | /i/ |
| o | /o:/ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pandoga uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four (the latter occurs mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots like J-Ṇ-J-Ṇ "to glitter")
Nouns
There is no grammatical gender in Pandoga, even in pronouns.
Verbs
Pandoga verbs come in many binyanim: [list]
Each binyan has a conjugated form for the perfective aspect, as well as active and passive participles, a conjunctive and a verbal noun. Binyanim are typically named by the active participial form of the root P-R-H.
Binyan PaRoHa
This is the simplest binyan which expresses the basic meaning of a root. Here is a typical PaRoHa verb, paṇoba (write):
- Perfective conjugation paṇabo- (active), capṇabo- (passive)
- Active participle paṇoba
- Passive participle capṇoba
- Conjunctive paṇaboti, capṇaboti
- Verbnoun paṇba
The personal affixes are as follows:
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -ṇa | -ṇara (inclusive), -ṇa (exclusive) | |
| 2 | -ta | -ra | |
| 3 | -ṭi | ||
Binyan PaReHa
This generally expresses an intensive meaning, though in some cases it works like a causative or an applicative. An example: "paṇeba" (to take notes)
- Perfective conjugation paṇabe- (active), capṇabe- (passive)
- Active participle paṇeba
- Passive participle capṇeba
- Conjunctive paṇaberi, capṇaberi
- Verbnoun piṇba
Defective binyanim
Pandoga has a few binyanim which do not have conjugated or participial forms. An example is the binyan malPaRaHo- which is analogous to the German prefix er-
Syntax
Unlike most Semitic languages, Pandoga is head-final and SVO (though SOV is also permissible).