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Pandoga is a triconsonantal language with an Indic aesthetic.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

There are 22 consonants in Pandoga (as in Hebrew!)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p /p/ t /t̪/ /ʈ/ c /c/ k /k/
Voiced stop b /b/ d /d̪/ /ɖ/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪/ /ɳ/
Fricative s /s/ /ʂ/ h /h/
Voiced fricative z /z/
Approximant v /ʋ/ y /j/
Lateral l /l/ /ɺ̢/
Trill r /r/

Vowels

Pandoga has an unusual 5 vowel system:

Romanization IPA
a /ɐ/
ā /a:/
e /e:/
i /i/
o /o:/

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Pandoga uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four (the latter occurs mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots like J-Ṇ-J-Ṇ "to glitter")

Nouns

There is no grammatical gender in Pandoga, even in pronouns.

Verbs

Pandoga verbs come in many binyanim: [list]

Each binyan has a conjugated form for the perfective aspect, as well as active and passive participles, a conjunctive and a verbal noun. Binyanim are typically named by the active participial form of the root P-R-H.

Binyan PaRoHa

This is the simplest binyan which expresses the basic meaning of a root. Here is a typical PaRoHa verb, paṇoba (write):

  • Perfective conjugation paṇabo- (active), capṇabo- (passive)
  • Active participle paṇoba
  • Passive participle capṇoba
  • Conjunctive paṇaboṭi, capṇaboṭi
  • Verbnoun paṇba

The personal affixes are as follows:

Singular Plural
1 -ṇa -ṇara (inclusive), -ṇi (exclusive)
2 -ra -ri
2 -ta -ti

Binyan PaReHa

This generally expresses an intensive meaning, though in some cases it works like a causative or an applicative. An example: "paṇeba" (to take notes)

  • Perfective conjugation paṇabe- (active), capṇabe- (passive)
  • Active participle paṇeba
  • Passive participle capṇeba
  • Conjunctive paṇaberi, capṇaberi
  • Verbnoun piṇba

Defective binyanim

Pandoga has a few binyanim which do not have conjugated or participial forms. An example is the binyan malPaRaHo- which is analogous to the German prefix er-

Syntax

Unlike most Semitic languages, Pandoga is head-final and SVO (though SOV is also permissible).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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