Dama Diwan

Dama Diwan
Template:Dama Diwan / Dama
Created by	–
Native to	the whole earth
Native speakers	3 billion (2016)
Language family	ProtoHuman Dama Diwan
Early form	ProtoHuman language
Dialect	informal and extended Dama variants

It can take a week to learn all the Dama Diwan vocabulary, but once you know it, you have a treasure:

• it is the ideal International Auxiliary Language
• minimal but all efficient
• artistic and dignified in sound
• perfectly logical
• flexible syntax
• permanent vocabulary (yet with unlimited possibilities for creating new terms)
• not based on any human language, but it exists within all human languages
• it can imitate the ways of all languages, although its fundamental structure is closer to head-final languages.

All the vocabulary (including grammar) comes, through sortition, from the sky, hence the name Dama (or tama) "by the sky" and it is for the people of the whole earth, hence it is Dewan / Diwan (or tiwan) "of the earth". It allows wonderful freedom of word order within the frame of the head-final syntax. A language not suitable for telling any lies, but ideal for telling any truth.

The reasons why dama diwan is objectively different to all other (natural or constructed) languages:

1. It is the easiest, simplest, and smallest of all functional languages. This is measured by its 258 roots and 4 or 6 suffixes; it has been tested that it takes about 5 days for an average person to memorize the whole vocabulary. It is not possible to make an easier functional language, because if the number of morphemes is reduced, then it will be necessary to memorize a huge number of combinations with special subjective meanings which cannot be understood by the combined elements themselves.
2. It is “open source” and personalizable (can be customized according to each individual’s own usage).
3. It is not made from any other language(s).
4. It is not made from a person’s or people’s personal judgements.
5. It is accomplished totally by means of divination through sortition (random), and that by asking the supreme benevolent spirit to form it, for the sake of the whole earth.
6. All possible combinations of phonemes are used.
7. All phonemes are equally represented.

Grammar / kiwan nijo

If you know the meaning of Dama Diwan words and the head-final word order, you don't need to know any other grammar. "Grammar" means things obligatory to express, such as gender, case, number, tense, aspect of verb, mood and so on. All such things are available in Dama, but almost nothing is obligatory to express. In fact, it is better to omit anything that is easily understood without mentioning it. What is obligatory (and therefore, grammatical) in Dama, is that every word must end with one of the 3 vowels, and that vowel presents the word as a noun or adverb or verb; so, these 3 suffixes, along with the word order and the possible -n constitute the whole grammar of formal Dama. The 3 suffixes o / a / e have the following native names (with examples in brackets):

-o : ruro. (to, taro, no, wano…). It indicates a noun.

-a : jeno. (rasa, taba, na, kuka…). It indicates an adverb.

-e : tubo. (be, ne, bibe, nuje…). It indicates an active verb.

Adjectives are indicated by their position (before of a noun as modifiers, or after the noun as predicates), and not by any special marking; all parts of speech can serve as adjectives.

Relative clauses are expressed by their position (before the word they modify).

Genitive and possessive pronouns are expressed through the root S- "to have", the extended suffix -AN, and the word WISO ("one's own") that substitutes all possessive pronouns.

• So, the head-final word order is analyzed as GN, AN, RelN (genitive-noun, adjective-noun, and relative-noun).

From a purely theoretical point of vew, the main parts of speech are thought to correspond to the main principles that define the world: space (nouns, -O), time (verbs, -E), and causality (adverbs, -A).

"Causality" means everything regarded as a cause for a certain effect. This terminology sounds still obscure, but Dama language always simplifies things: adverbs are called JENO, which means "use"; every adverb [cv]c-A means "by using the [cv]c" (where [cv]c- is the stem of the word and -A is the adverbial suffix).

• Adverbs primordially express mode or manner; however, according to their pragmatic meaning and the context, they can express everything that adverbs are used for in all languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb).

An adverb (-A) can substitute all grammatical oblique cases (except accusative) such as dative, locative, comitative, instrumental, similative and (extended as -AN) the genitive and ablative. If more accuracy is needed, numerous postpositions are used. Postpositions are themselves classified as adverbs (-A), e.g. SA "with", KA "in order to; should; must", MA "toward/to", RASA "from", etc..

SUMMARY OF ALL COMBINATIONS OF THE BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH

We shall use the roots BUR (soft, a mix of solid and liquid like dough or something that feels between solid and liquid) and WIW (liquid, especially water) as an example.

• BURO=soft, WIWO=liquid.
• BURA=softly, WIWA=by water, or in a liquid manner.
• BURE=to soften, WIWE =to water, make wet.

so

• BURO WIWO =a liquid which is thick; WIWO BURO =a soft substance which is watery.
• BURA WIWO =a liquid which is somewhat like a thicker substance; WIWA BURO =a soft substance which is somewhat like a liquid.
• BURO WIWA =with (or: in) water which is actually mud; WIWO BURA =with (or: in) mud which is actually liquid.

With punctuation (, : ! ?) after the first word (subject noun):

BURO, WIWA =the mud is like water. WIWO, BURA =the water is like mud.

• BURA WIWA =in water which is somewhat like mud, in boggy water. WIWA BURA =like a soft substance which is runny, e.g. in watery mud, or flowing like a thick runny substance.
• WIWO BURE =the water softens (e.g. the dried fruit or the bread); BURO WIWE the soft thing (e.g. the snow) made wet (e.g. your clothes).
• BURE WIWO =the water which softens (e.g. NUTON BURE WIWO-N O BAME =i drank the water which softened the [dry] fruit [soaked in it]).

WIWE BURO =the soft thing that waters/makes wet (e.g. the snow that waters the field when melting, or the snow that made the clothes wet).

• BURA WIWE =somebody waters by means of a soft thing, e.g. by a soaked sponge, or by snow. WIWA BURE =softens by means of liquid, e.g. softens the almonds by soaking them in water.
• WIWE BURA =by means of the soft thing which waters (e.g. by means of the snow that waters the earth, or by means of a sponge that makes wet).
• BURE WIWA =by means (or: in) the water that softens.
• BURE WIWE =softens and so waters: e.g. "when summer comes, softens the snow and so waters the earth". WIWE BURE =adds water and in this way turns something into a pulp: e.g. the blender turns the carrots into a pulp. WIWE BURE TANO =a kitchen blender.

For more detail, see below:

MODIFIERS TO NOUNS / ruro nuna juno

So for example JASO is a tooth / teeth; JASA is the adverb "teeth-way", with (the) teeth, teeth-like, by means of teeth; and JASE is the verb: to use the teeth, bite or chew. All these can be used as predicates (after the subject) or as adjectives / modifiers (before the modified word); suppose the modified word is a noun such as BASO (fish); then JASO BASO = "the teeth-fish" (implying an important role of teeth, so it is a shark, if the context agrees). However, note that with a zero-copula if we put two nouns next to each other, the first is naturally a subject and the second is its predicate: this is the original construction. Now, if subject=describing and predicate=categorizing, then object-predicate means adjective-noun, so such an adjective has a connotation of subject (A=B); for example, a "tail" is called "JAMO WOSO" ("back cord"): JAMO (the rear thing) is an adjective to the noun WOSO (cord, rope, etc.), but at the same time there is the relation A=B: the back (thing) is a cord. So, even when saying JASO BASO "teeth fish" this is to give an impression that the fish is all teeth. If we must make clear that there is not an A=B relationship, then we use the suffix -AN, broadly analogous to English "of": JAMAN WOSO =the cord (or rope, thread) of the back part; or, the word SE forms a possessive function: JAMO SE WOSO "the cord that the back part has"; A SE JANO= your pig, clearly different from A JANO =you (are a) pig. However, we can still say e.g. A RUSO "your eye(s)" because the pragmatic context makes it obvious that we do not say exactly that "you are an eye".

In JASA BASO the modifier is an adverb; an adverb modifying a noun works much like a derivative adjective, in this case "teethy", "teeth-like", or "teeth-kind", such a kind of fish. A practical way to understand the meaning of an adverb is to use the word -"way" or the English suffixes -"wise", -"ly", -"like" or "with"-. Very often in Dama the modifier of a noun is a verb, then it is equal to an active verb participle: JASE BASO =the biting fish =the fish that bites.

MODIFIERS TO VERBS / bo nuna juno

Supposing the verb is JASE (uses the teeth, bites). A noun before the verb is its subject: BASO JASE =the fish is biting. An adverb before the verb is in the most proper adverbial function: BASA JASE =(s/he) bites like a fish, (s/he) bites the way fish do. A verb before another verb is dependent to the second verb; in all cases, the modified comes last and the modifier comes before it. So, NUJE JASE "catches-bites" means "bites in a catching way, bites so as to catch"; while WASE JASE "presses-bites" means "uses the teeth in a pressing way", i.e. "is chewing". In many cases, especially with the monosyllabic verbs as main, the modifying verb works as the object of the second verb, e.g. JASE RE "bite-want" =it wants/tries to bite.

MODIFIERS TO ADVERBS / jeno nuna juno

Like all words, adverbs can be modified by all words; adverbs very often work as POSTpositions or adverbs of time/place/mode in relation to a noun, so the main word here is the postpositional adverb which comes second: JASO JENA "teeth-using" =by using the teeth. JASO RAMA ="tooth-inside" =inside the tooth. JASO RINO RAMA "teeth-row-inside" =inside the row of the teeth. An adverb can modify another adverb (again, the modifier comes first): JENA =using, by means of; MIWA JENA "big-way using" =much using, making much use of. A verb modifying an adverb is common for adverbs functioning as postpositions or conjunctions: e.g. KA "in order to; must", so JASE KA AN-MARA "in order to bite - comes close"; JASE KA! (bite!) is a possible order to a dog that has been taught Dama. That is not so hard, as a dog can learn 500 expressions in the first year of its life, while Dama has only 262 - 264 morphemes (depending on the way of counting them).

THE SUFFIXED -N / mibo -n

It is indeed possible to use the Dama language without the suffixed -N. In such a usage, Dama does not lose its ability to express things, but it loses its flexibility: the word order should then be strict SVO, and the subject must always be present (even as a dummy, e.g. TO "person", NO "thing" etc.); some people may think such a usage to be easier; for me, it is too hard; all my experience shows that the easiest way to start a sentence in Dama is to start with the object. Also, the final -N on verbs is extremely practical in showing different kinds of object (e.g. a whole sentence can be a verb's object), and so, even if you thing that it is easier without the suffixed -N, you may find it much more difficult if you try to use Dama without that -N.

All the 3 suffixes can be extended by a final nasal, which is best pronounced as velar if possible to the speaker. The final nasal is the connecting indicator: it goes between the governed word (called SUTO) and its governing word (SUTE) to connect them. A mnemonic device to remember the role of -n is the word "next", as -n joins primarily with the next word. In Dama, the mnemonic word is "NUJO" (catching), as it "catches" the next words, or "NUTO" (fruit, result), as it connects to the result (object) of the word. The -n can be considered as an abbreviated form of "NO" (thing): it is understood as "the thing, which...".

So, between a noun object and its verb: BASON NUJE = "fish-catches" = "s/he catches fish", while BASO NUJE = the fish catches (prey). If the verb goes first, NUJEN BASO "s/he catches fish". But in NUJE BASO, "baso" canNOT be the object, so it is the case of a verb modifier to a noun: "the catching fish", the fish that catches (prey).

Not only verbs, but also adverbs, conjunctions and adpositions have their objects, so the -n can also join the adposition or adverb to its object.

The suffix -a is used when the adverb is used as a POSTposition, or more generally to show that the adverb is connected primarily with the PREVIOUS words before the meaning is joined to the following.

UNTIL 2016 MARCH 03, the suffix -an was used to mark that the adverb is used as a PREposition or conjunction, or more generally to show that the adverb connects primarily to the FOLLOWING word and not to the previous.

AFTER 2016 MARCH 04, it has been discovered that the most proper use is to abolish the use of PREpositions (except IN, UN, AN) and use only POSTpositions, which, anyway, have always been preferred in Dama. The primordial meaning of the suffix -AN is to form the genitive of nouns, although the genitive can have a connotation of ablative and words marked with -AN may still be marginally used as prepositions. The "genitive" with the ending -AN broadly means relation, usually translated by Engligh "of", including "in relation to", "about", so e.g. "MAWA KIWE" = "they talk in a manly way", while "MAWAN KIWE" = "they talk of men, about men". Of course, MUTAN MUSO = "women's clothes", MAWAN JATO = "a man's bag".

Sometimes -AN (genitive) and -A (pure adverb) can refer to the same thing; e.g. SUBAN SAMO "the house's furniture" means the same as SUBA SAMO "the furniture in the house"; SUBAN NAJO "opposite of the house" is really the same as SUBA NAJO "opposite to the house". But there can be a significant difference, as -AN can show a thing as "origin", while -A can show the same thing as "destination": WOSA TUWE "by a rope - stabilize" is "to tie up"; but WOSAN TUWE "from a rope - stabilize" is "to hang".

Although there are formally no prepositions in Dama, if we consider a phrase like: "BASO AN MARA, KAN JASE" ("the fish is getting near, of-intention biting"), "of-intention biting" cannot mean but "with an intention to bite"; such is the function of all adverbs that can be used as postpositions, especially RASA (from), MA (to), KA (in order to; must); so it is quite logical and in correct grammar to use them as prepositions in the form RASAN, MAN, KAN, although this usage is discouraged, yet it is another proof that Dama can imitate the usages of all languages. A phrase started with such a preposition (-AN) should be separated from the rest of the text by two commas (or other two punctuation marks).

In general it is advisable to use the -n as sparingly as possible. And yet a prepositional syntax can also be imitated with the help of the indeclinable prepositional IN: the most normal way is to say, e.g. SURA SURA TARO IN RABO KUTA or SURA SURA TARO, RABAN KUTA = "the monkey is up the tree", or: SURA SURA TARO, RABO KUTA, but we can also say the same as SURA SURA TARO, KUTA IN RABO. IN is really used as a connector: IN RABO means "on/at the tree" and the adverb KUTA "up" makes the position more specific. But as RABO KUTA means already "on the tree", IN is superfluous unless for separating SURA SURA TARO from RABO KUTA; a comma too can act in the role of separating words grouped together on either side of it. The final -N in general and the JUNAN WOMO SIJO (see next) are all used as separators and connectors.

Other parts of speech / junan womo sijo

These are: the 3 pronouns (NARO JUNO): A (you, second person), I (third person), O (I, first person); and

the 3 logical particles (SIME JUNO / SIME KUMO), used mostly like prepositions but they are a kind of indeclinable verbs so they can be placed in the end of clause in a verbal sense: AN (become), IN (is there, is somewhere), UN (is not, does not).

Extended (A.K.A. "informal") Dama Diwan / Dama Diwan jaro

jiro nijo wuwa Dama Diwan kiwo jan sen wa wiko mujo: 1."jume", 2."i kiban", 3."kaso", 4."nanon".

Informal Dama Diwan can express four "degrees" (MUJO) which bear the native names : 1."JUME", 2."I KIBAN", 3."KASO", 4."NANON".

This is done by expressive usage of vowels, as follows:

• 1."JUME" (intensification), means that informal Dama can lengthen (double, triple, or even more) the first or only vowel of a word in order to express largeness, e.g. BAAKO =a big body (BAKO), TAAAMO =the huge sky, MUUKO =a big victory, WIIIWO =huge water (ocean), and so on.

• 2."I KIBAN", which, in theory, means that only the lengthened suffix (of disyllabic words only) is emphasized according to the lengthening of its vowel; in practice, this is asserting the grammatical function of the word on the cost of its stem; so e.g. if we say RABOO, this means we assert it is a noun, an extant thing, because the extant thing in this case is very small and tends to be neglected, so RABOO means a small tree (RABO), and likewise TAROO= a small animal (TARO), JUTOOO is a tiny piece of skin (JUTO). It works the same way with verbs and adverbs; so, if we say "JAJEE" it means that (s/he) gave money indeed, but it was so little money (JAJ-). An example with an adverb is SUNAAA "in the past", which is very very near past. So this function lessens, makes light, or even makes fun, of the stem meaning.

Note: in monosyllabic words, lengthening the only vowel makes them augmentative (JUME). Augmented SANO (small), i.e. SAAANO, means very very small. "I KIBAN" MIWO (big), i.e. MIWOO lessens the greatness, so MIWOO =somewhat big.

Formal Dama uses no augmentative / diminutive devices unless adjectives as MIWO (big) and SANO (small).

• 3."KASO", is the "vrddhi" function which is formed as "vrddhi" in Sanskrit; that is, an "A" is added immediately after the first consonant (before the stem vowel) of a disyllabic word, so e.g. "NIWO" becomes "NAIWO" and "WAJO" becomes "WA'AJO".

Note that if an "A" is marked with another "A" in vrddhi function, there must be a separatiting mark (') after the first "a" (WA'ARO, NA'AMO etc.), which is shown in pronunciation by a glottal stop or an "h" or a similar "light" laryngeal sound. The usefulness of the vrddhi (a+vowel) word is primarily to express a color, e.g. TINO =a (blue) gem, TAINO =blue; (some other common colors are WAUKO =yellow, i.e. of citrus fruit, TAIKO =green [of plants], RA'AKO =green [of leek etc.], SAITO =red [of blood], MAIMO [of fire] or saujo [of the sun] =golden color, JAUSO [of the moon] =silvery white). JAIWO [of egg] is white, but WAURO [of milk] is expressly more white, and the perfect white is WA'AJO [of light]. If the original word cannot be used for its color, the vrddhi is used for its similarity, e.g. BUSO =a dog, BAUSO =an animal similar to a dog, e.g. the Tasmanian tiger; or for outer appearance, as in NURO =normal, NAURO =something that seems to be normal, ordinary.

Formal Dama does not use the vrddhi (augmented vowel) function; instead, it uses "BUW(O)" for color, "RAN-" for similarity, and "KAWA" for outer appearance.

• 4."NANON". This can apply only to the disyllabic words with I/E or U/O in their stem; then the stem vowel (other than "A") can take an "A" after it, thus the stem vowel becomes a semivowel (J / W, not different from I/E and U/O respectively, only that the stem vowel must be weaker or not stronger than the added "A"); thus, NIMO → NJAMO / NIAMO, KIWO → KJAWO / KIAWO, TUBE → TWABE / TUABE, NUWE → NWAWE / NUAWE, etc.

This expresses the negative or opposite of the stem; e.g. NIMO =meat, NIAMO =meatless, KIWO =word, KIAWO =without words, TUBE =give, TWABE =not give, refuse, NUWE =to make unclear, NUAWE =to clarify.

Formal Dama uses instead the negative particle "UN" and the stem BIM- "to undo, reverse".

So, informal Dama can form long vowels and diphthongs which are absent in formal Dama; moreover informal Dama is known for its possibility to omit a weak A/ə, except in case of a possible confusion e.g. when a final A/ə is preceded by N.

Prefixes / nuna mibo

This is the meaning of the prefixes (which have not been used and even not been explored until 2016 November 12) in Dama Diwan:

With nouns: (-o)

u- =MAWO, male; e- =MUTO, female; a- =WANO, abstract noun, with a connotation of true nature, truly so.

This is the form they have in the Western style: u-, e-, a-. In other styles they may be pronounced also o-, i-, ə-. These may be used only in informal Dama, and then with due care, so they may not be confused with the pronouns A (you), I (this/that), O (me). While the pronouns are written and pronounced as separate words, the prefixes can only be written joint to the word, and never be emphasized, while the emphasis should be on the second syllable (stem) or on the 3rd syllable (suffix), e.g. akúto, or akutó. If the prefix is quite distinctly emphasized by length or stress or higher pitch, it is taken not as a prefix, but as a pronoun: á kuto. For the meaning of emphasizing (mainly by lengthening) the stem syllable or the suffix syllable, see the informal Dama degrees (MUJO) above.

Informal Dama may be used (that is, sparingly) in spoken language when one has to be very quick in expressing something. In written texts, informal Dama may appear in order to render accurately some informally spoken phrases, in poetry for metric reasons, or in literature for creating more concise expressions than formal Dama can do (e.g., it is more concise to say "ejabo" (a cow), than "muto jabo", or "taino" (blue colour) than "tina buwo".

With verbs: (-e)

u- =BE BO, causative verb; e- =KIJE BO, passive verb; a- =KIRO MA BO, reflexive verb.

The common way of forming causative verbs is through the verb BE "to do"; so, UN KUBA TIWA RIJON, KIRO JAAKON A KAWE, O BE "not only its footprints, I will show you the lion itself"; informal Dama: KIRO JAAKON A MA UKAWE". UKAWE =I make (you) see, I show (you). The causative verb marked by U- should not take 2 objects both in accusative, because that would bring confusion: *A TON JAAKON UKAWE is too bad a syntax, must not be used; instead, the last object (object of object) must be kept in accusative (-ON -E or -EN -O) and the first object of the causative verb should be shown as an indirect object (e.g. with -MA).

With adverbs: (-a)

u- =WOMAN MIBA, comparative degree, "more than": UKÚTA=higher; e- =WOMAN BUNA, less than: EKÚTA =less high; a- =BUMAN MIBA, superlative: "to the highest degree" / "more than all others": AKÚTA =on the highest / higher than all others.

Prefixes to verbs and adverbs were only suspected before 2017 February 24. May be used in the future, but only as sparingly as possible. With these, informal Dama Diwan completes all possibilities for affixation, all possible use of the 3 vowels.

Highly accurate Dama Diwan / miba jeto Dama Diwan

Highly accurate Dama Diwan can use a W (or unstressed O/U) before the I of a stem and a J (or unstressed E/I) before the U of a stem in order to express the metaphorical aspect of a word in the latter case and containing objects in the former.

U→ JU is used for metaphor or analogy. Some examples:

TUSO=seed; TJUSO is things analogous to seeds, e.g. sperm; or grains of sand.

SURO=both hands; SJURO is something analogous to 2 hands, e.g. the claws of a crab.

KURO=secure; KJURO is something analogous to real security, e.g. insurance, the security we have by paying an insurance company.

I→ WI signifies not the thing itself, but something that contains it; for example:

SIRO=a substance; SWIRO=something containing that substance;

MISO=a sharp point, e.g. a thorn, a needle; MWISO=having (a) sharp point(s), e.g. a thorny bush, a porcupine, an arrow;

SITO=blood; SWITO=having blood. Lobsters are SJATO (bloodless) while fish are SWITO, creatures with blood.

Highly accurate Dama can be difficult for some people to use; in fact, it has only once or twice been in actual usage until now (November of the year 2016); on the other hand, this feature completes all possibilities of making diphthongs with the vowels of Dama, and its use may be quite useful in the future for elaborate or artistic expounding of ideas.

Possibility of using pairs of suffixes / juna mumo tumon jene jo

Every Dama root ending with a consonant must take one, and only one suffix in the form of a single vowel. Would it be meaningful and viable to have two vowel suffixes? In fact, the Systematic Language or SostiMatiko, which was an experiment that led to the formation of Dama, could freely use not only two but even more suffixes, each one referring to the word formed before each suffix itself. Experimentation has shown everything about such an application. So we know that theoretically it can be possible to use some pairs of suffixes in Dama, although such have never been used until now that it takes little more time for Dama Diwan to complete 3 years of use. Possible pair of suffixes are eo→ju, ea→ja, ae→aj, ao→aw, oa→wa, oe→wi. The same suffix cannot be use twice, and no more than two suffixes can be used on one word. So let us see what would be the meaning of each of those theoretical pairs:

• eo→ju is the verb's (-E) noun (-O), so it is equal to an active participle: TANJU =TANE TO (the person who uses the machine). WIWJU =WIWE NO, the watering thing (can or hose etc). Since this usage is always so easy in Dama, eo→ju is quite useless.
• ea→ja is the verb's (-E) way (-A), so it is equal to an adverbial participle, meaning "by doing that": TANJA =TANE BA (by means of using a machine). As this is easily expressed in Dama by the word BA, ea→ja is also useless.
• ae→aj is the way's (-A) active verb (-E). RAMAJ =RAMA BE (puts something inside), so, as this is so easily expressed in ordinary Dama, ae→aj is also useless.
• ao→aw is the adverb's (-A) noun (-O): RAMAW =RAMA NO (the thing which is inside). Also this is easily expressed in ordinary Dama, no need to use ao→aw.
• oa→wa
• oe→wi/oj

Correctness, personalization and limitations / jeto jino, wiso jino, nejo mijo

Some people expect a great language to be a show of complexity like some constructed languages. Dama is nothing like that, as it is not even a conlang; it is not a language constructed by people, but one acquired through divination (called "random" functions by the skeptic). Its non-conlang character is obvious because conlangs are regulated by people, so they are always subject to additions, new regulations and alterations. Conlangs are adjusted by their makers, while on the other hand the Dama users have to adjust themselves to the very simple means of Dama. After all, it is not possible to add anything to it, because all the possible combinations of its phonemes have already been used.

Dama can further evolve by discovering new combinations of words - to that, we can find no limit. The limitation is that every new combination discovered and everything else should be expressed according to the above rules; then it is perfectly correct; of course, when we say something in Dama, we should imagine ourselves in the receiver's position: "what would I understand if somebody told me that?".

Although so simple, Dama can be personalized in as many ways as there are people in the world. Some basics styles are known: The western style, using close vowels in the stem of dissylabic words and open vowels in the suffixes. (e.g. BIRO) The oriental style, using open vowels in the stem of dissylabic words and close vowels in the suffixes. (e.g. BERU) The southern style, using only close vowels (BIRU). The northern style, using open vowels (BERO). And, the central style, which, although impressive by its name, has hardly been applied until 2017, uses open vowels (O/E) with K-, N-, J-, W-, S- and close vowels (U/I) with T-, B-, M-, R- (but, to keep a balance between open and close vowels, use JU, not JO, and WI, not WE in the penultimate syllables; only if /ə/ is used with all T-, B-, M-, R-, then JO and WE are used in the central style, so as to pursue a balance between open and close vowels).

So far, the most practical style seems to be the western style (BIRO), while the most difficult seems to be the northern style. The southern style (BIRU), although not so elegant, is easy to understand at least by reading. The central style is both elegant and helpful in differentiating similar words, so it has a chance to become the most popular in the future.

Apart from these main styles, the user of Dama can choose between K/G, T/TS/D, O/U, E/I depending on many factors that can influence one’s choice; such factors are:

• differentiation: the central style can be very useful for differentiating similar words. Also, if you feel a chance to confuse M to N, you can pronounce M somewhat longer (like MM), and if you feel a K might be confused with T, pronounce T aspirate (just like English "t") and K unaspirated.
• choosing voiced G, D for the second syllables and the corresponding voiceless K, T for the beginning of words or vice versa, can be helpful for differentiating similar words and also for additional indicating the beginning and end of each word in pronunciation.
• dissimilation for taboo reasons: e.g. those who have Turkish as their first language, may choose to pronounce SEK- or SIG- instead of SIK- which in Turkish signifies the penis and its action. While Greeks can prefer "MON-" (door, window, gate) to "MUN-" which is reminiscent of the Greek word for "vulva".
• facilitating the memory; e.g. an English speaker may prefer to pronounce "GODU" instead of "KUTO" (high), so as to connect the word to "God" in memory; while a Turkish speaker may find it better to pronounce the same "KUTO", so as to be reminded of "KUT" (divine favor). This tactic can be used very extensively, as every Dama word is reminiscent of similar words in all languages.
• influences of the speakers' first language: e.g. if the speaker has no /w/ sound in his/her native language (as happens with Germans, Greeks, Italians, Turks, and others), can pronounce ɸ / β / f / v / ʋ in the place of /w/. For Greeks, the “J” is realized only as /ʝ/ or /ç/, but for most other people /j/ is easier.

Some languages make the vowels E/O when stressed and I/U when unstressed, while other languages do the opposite.

• simply personal taste: a user may prefer "tsawo" instead of "tawo" (sharp / acid / sour), just because the "tsawo" sounds more "acid" to his/her feeling.
• facilitating word division in oral use: so, for example, it is preferable to pronounce the final /n/ as /ŋ/, and /h/ (or similar sounds) can freely be pronounced before word-initial vowels, while /x/ can be freely added to the end of monosyllabic words ending in vowels.

Of course, there must be some limitations in such personalization, so that the Dama can function as an international auxiliary language:

• It is strongly recommended that the disyllabic words have different stress / pitch / length / vowel openness (height) over their two syllables, or at least monosyllabic words should take as much time as disyllabic ones in pronunciation when not pronounced together with the previous word.
• To pronounce Dama words together is not only permitted but also encouraged, for showing in speech how words group together (in writing this can be facilitated by hyphens and punctuation). The 6 monosyllabic words A, I, O, UN, IN, AN can freely be enclitics or proclitics (joined in pronunciation with the previous or next word), but the monosyllabic words starting with consonants can be joined (as enclitics) to their preceding word only; it can be a bad habit (for possibly creating some confusion) to pronounce such monosyllabic words joint (as proclitics) to their following ones.
• To write Dama words together as one word might help to show how the words combine together, but that can confuse the learners. Writing several words without word division might be used some time in the future if people are proficient in Dama; even in that case, the rule should be that no monosyllabic word starting with a consonant should be jointly written with other words, unless that monosyllabic is in the end of the set or is ending with -n in the beginning of the set. The best way to join Dama words together is by using a hyphen and not absence of dividing space.
• Only the 16 letters a b d e g i j k m n o r s t u w (including the combinations TS and DS) may be used when writing Dama with the Latin alphabet. Palatal sounds (e.g. /c/, /ɟ/) should be considered phonemically same as velar (k/g), and not same as dentals (t/d). The sound /p/ should be avoided, at least by making it emphatic or ejective, and lateral sounds should not be accepted in Dama.

These limitation define the acoustic "flavor" and character of Dama, just like a Pythagorean or analogous musical scale that has limited positions so that everything played on it sounds pleasant and harmonious.

languages not to be used / TJAWAN KIWA SIJO

While Dama Diwan is TIWAN (of the earth), there are innumerable languages cognate to it, which are not meant for the earth, so they are called TJAWAN (not of the earth, not for the world).

TJAWAN are purely theoretical languages that might be formed by using extra phonemes which are not permitted in Dama Diwan. The most important of TJAWAN languages is called Mystic Dama language or MISO TIKO DAMA KIWO SIJO. Its symbol is a rose with 100 petals (MISO TIKO literally meaning “thorn plant”, which in this context is understood as a rose bush). Mystic Dama language includes the phoneme H, which is written in the 10 digits system by the figure “6” (properly, "A"). The phoneme H is the esoteric aspect of N. While N- means a concrete thing, H- means existence perceived by the mind, feelings, or soul, but not by the senses as N-. All roots containing H have a meaning analogous to the corresponding roots with N, but always the roots with H refer to things perceived by the mind, while those with N refer to things perceived by the senses. A few examples may be given; NAKO=searching, HAKO=curiosity, thirst for knowledge. NATO=belly, HATO=digestion, assimilation. NABO=love, HABO=goodness on a deep level (and compare to the Arabic root hbb=friendship, habib=friend). NUMO=good, HUMO=perfect goodness (here compare the “bija mantra” HUM which means divine goodness, and the most famous OM, which for Dama is another pronunciation of HUM, as O is an allophone of U, and a vowel unpreceded by a consonant is considered the same as preceded by H or a similar laryngeal sound). If H takes the place of an N in the first syllable, then its meaning is focused on the objective aspect, it refers to objective reality, while in the second syllable it refers to subjectivity or feelings, for example NINO=ceremony or ritual, HINO=sacred, NIHO=reverence, HIHO=both sacred and revered. Remembering the meaning of the words with N it is easy to know the meaning of the words that have H in place of N. Note though that Dama Diwan does not make use of those words; in Dama Diwan H and other laryngeals are only possible “coverings” of the words starting with a vowel (A, O, I, UN, IN, AN and prefixed words of informal/extended Dama). So the Mystic Dama words with H are only to find esoteric interpretations to words. For example, the Japanese name Hayakawa, in Mystic Dama is interpreted as HAJA (spirit of confrontation, courage, bravery; from NAJA=opposite to) + KAWA “looking, beholding”.

Because of this connection of the phoneme N to H or to zero-consonant, N holds and important position in Dama Diwan:

For understanding the deeper meaning of a VC or a CV part of a root, we should consider the meaning of VC or CV extended by N as N+VC or CV-N. For example, for understanding the deeper meaning of -AB in all roots containing -AB (JAB, WAB, MAB, TAB, BAB, NAB, KAB, RAB, SAB), we should understand that NAB- is the central of this group of nine words: as NAB- means love, all nine roots of the -AB group signify things necessary for applying love in real life;

for understanding the deeper meaning of JA- in all roots containing JA- (JAJ, JAW, JAM, JAT, JAB, JAN, JAK, JAR, JAS), we should understand that JAN- is the central of this group of nine words: JAN- meaning pig, and symbolizing a tendency to exaggeration, overdoing due to the instincts, so all the nine words of the JA- group mean things that can be abused by overdoing because of the instincts.

Another TJAWAN language makes a distinction between velar Q and palatal C. The difference in meaning is very subtle; Q refers to things really objective, while C to things realized as such, but possibly not so in reality. Again the first syllable focuses on external reality, while the second one focuses on feelings and cognition. For example, QARO=indeed straight, while CARO=believed to be straight. TUQO=something really heard, while TUCO is something one things (he) heard. This is also a theoretical language. Although velars can alternate with palatals in Dama Diwan, there the distinction is ignored: Dama Diwan uses only K (or G) which is usually velar, but the same can be pronounced as palatal without a distinction in meaning.

In a dream it was found that /d͡ʒego/ means the pointed tip on the back of a spear, used to keep it upright thrust in the earth while the warrior is resting (that was called σαυρωτήρ in ancient Greek). Therefore, /d͡ʒego/ is a TJAWAN form of TIKO "plant", meaning "that which makes a thing function (apparently but not really) as a plant, i.e. standing upright". So, this is the meaning of changing t/d into /d͡ʒ/ (along with voicing all consonants, and using an open vowel in the stem): "that which makes a thing function (apparently but not really) as a ++++ (thing indicating by the original Dama Diwan word)"

The most avoided TJAWAN language makes use of the sound L. It is called TAJA (“slippery”) language. The meaning of words with L is analogous to those with R, but those words with L refer always to deceitful things and deceitful, therefore dangerous, aspects. So, RURO is reality, but LULO is a completely deceitful situation (in Sumerian “LUL” means lie, deception, and in many natural languages too the sound L is used for signifying deception: e.g. English “lies”, German “Lüge”, Turkish “yalan” or “yalan dolan”). Dama Diwan strictly avoids the TAJA forms; they have a very unhealthy effect. Cultures that worshipped truth and sincerity lacked the sound L altogether, like the ancient Persians and ancient Egyptians, in Modern times the Japanese and the Māori, or used L very sparingly, as in Sanskrit where old L is usually altered to R. TAJA language is only for discovering the inner meanings of non-Dama words.

A TJAWAN language that is also avoided, is called MINO (crawling); this one can use P in place of B, and the meaning of words with P is again analogous to those with B, but P shows a feeble or pitiable aspect of the corresponding B word: e.g., BAKO=body, but PAKO=a weak or sickly body. RABO=a tree / piece of wood, but RAPO =a frail tree / piece of wood. Eastern Greek dialects, the most important today being Cypriot, have trouble pronouncing B, they usually devoice it to P, but they can pronounce PP; for natives of such languages it is suggested to pronounce PP or P' (an emphatic or ejective P) instead of mere P when using Dama Diwan.

Invitation / wono

Here is an invitation to Dama Diwan language, and if interested you can be a member of the open group.

Phonology and phonotactics / kumo sijo, kuma nijo

Dama has 3 vowel phonemes: a, i/e, u/o.

It is also possible to use two allophones of "A", ideally /ä/ and /ə/, if that feels better for native speakers of a language that differentiates between a closer and a slightly more open "A"; in this version Dama has an open and a close form of each one of the 3 vowel phonemes; the open A is /ä/ and the close A is /ə/ (or a similar pair of sounds), but both those A should be written by the same letter A. In the version with two kinds of A, the close A (/ə/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all close vowels (i, u, close A), and the open A (/ä/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all open vowels (e, o, open A): (e.g. close A in the first syllable and open A in the suffix, when the western style is used).

With only one kind of A, the ideal is /ä/; ideally, I is /i/, E is /ɛ/ or /e/, U is /u/ and O is /ɔ/ or /o/, but these guidelines for reading are not strict, as long as the 3 vowel phonemes are explicitly distinguished from each other.

Dama has 9 consonant phonemes: k/g, t/d/ts, b, n, m, j, r, w, s.

There are many possible allophones, such as /v/ or /ɸ/ for w, but the use of /p/ is discouraged while "L" (lateral sounds articulated with the tongue) is not acceptable. The word final -N is best pronounced as /ŋ/ if possible to the speaker.

Writing systems / kiwon rijo

• The aforementioned 16 letters of the Latin alphabet are permitted to be used for Dama.

Words, mainly proper names, inserted from other languages, follow their original spelling and are written with only their first letter capital, while the true Dama words use only lower or only upper case letters.

Sometimes, even Dama words are written with only their first letter capital, to show that they are used as proper names, as the name Dama Diwan itself.

• Every other writing system can also be used for writing Dama; however, the Latin alphabet is preferred.

• Dama can also be written by using only the 10 numerical digits, as follows:

1 =I, i, e, j [י]

2 =O, o, u, w [ו]

3 =M, m [מ]

4 =T, t, d [ת]

5 =b, B [ב]

6 =A, a [א]

7 =N, n [נ]

8 =g, G, k [ק]

9 =R, r [ר]

0 =S, s [ס]

(This connection of letters to numerical digits has been done by means of sortition; however, there is a noted similarity to old and modern Hebrew letters, which are given in the square brackets) So the 10 digits are quite enough to write the 12 phonemes of Dama Diwan language.

• Such a small number of indispensable digits to represent Dama means we can use only those for Morse code, so if we symbolise a dot by “.” and a dash by “-”, the necessary Morse symbols (by order of brevity, the shorter for the more frequent) are:

. =2 =O, o, u, w.

- =1 =I, i, e, j

.. =6 =A, a

-. =7 =N, n

.- =3 =M, m

-- =9 =R, r

... =4 =T, t, d

-.. =0 =S, s

.-. =8 =g, G, k

..- =5 =b, B

(In Dama, the difference between I/E, U/O is not phonemic. J and W as phonemes are different, but Dama words only start with CONSONANTS (including J, W), and then there is always a vowel after each consonant with the exception of final N (which is better, but not compulsory, to be pronounced as /ŋ/). Therefore, 16127 can only be JAJON or JAJUN, both correct in Dama; and the same happens with all other Dama words: they can be rendered totally correctly by the use of only the 10 digits, that is with a pad of only 10 digits plus a space key. The connection of the 10 digits to Latin letters is obvious, based on similarity of shape.)

• Dama Braille (described in the last pages of https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history) also uses only 10 symbols and it can be learnt in 3 minutes, while formal Braille has a repertoire of 64 possible signs (with 2 columns of 3 dots for each letter) expandable to 256 possible signs (with 2 columns of 4 dots for each letter, as available in the Segoe UI Symbol font) and requires at least 3 months to be learnt with the quickest teaching course.
• Dama is also unique in having its own writing system which is logographic and phonemic at the same time, as explained in https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history .

Links and tools for learning the Dama Diwan language / Dama Diwan kiwo sijon kije sage ma muno tano

1) http://users.sch.gr/ioakenanid/kuba%20no%20reja.pps to start discovering by yourself;

2) http://users.sch.gr/ioakenanid/selfteach.pdf for discovering the whole Dama Diwan language.

3) http://users.sch.gr/ioakenanid/dama%20diwan.xls the most concise and comprehensive source for Dama Diwan, also useful for getting random texts and interpreting them;

4) http://konlangerz.com/conlang/85/Dama_dewan for a concise description (good, slightly outdated);

5) http://konlangerz.com/conlang/85/Dama_dewan/texts for some sample texts to read;

6) http://lingojam.com/Damadiwan for quick reference;

7) http://lingojam.com/tolearnDamaDiwanwords for an online dictionary (input words other than suffixed with -n).

There are also some documents in the files of the group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/omado.sosti.matiko/files/ and in https://crete.academia.edu/GiannhsKenanidhs/Dama-Diwan-Language, including the explanation why Dama is not really a language constructed by a person or people. Although Dama Diwan is a perfect language, human knowledge of it is still (2016) not perfect; We know that it is the ideal international auxiliary language because it has already been proven capable to create many good quality texts conveying successfully knowledge of any kind.

Sample texts / kiwo rano

[johuwax]

jetu wanu nomu bomu rora / jito wano numo bumo rura / 1142 2672 7232 5232 9296

nomu tesu rora / numo tiso rura / 7232 4102 9296

nomu tesu man jetu / numo tiso man jito / 7232 4102 367 1142

i jetu boma nomu ma jetu / i jito buma numo ma jito / 1 1142 5232 7232 36 1142

[ooomm]

this is a translation of the most sacred text of the ancient Persian monotheistic religion:

“Honesty is the most complete good

(honesty) is happiness

happiness to the honest

who is honest for the sake of the best Honesty”.

[johuwax]

kata sute-kuto ke, i-ka sije-i-jete-bumo-rasa numo-sako-tube-won-sa kukan kuta-kikon-sa ruro bira be-wo i be man-sake-bumo rure-kuto i, man-jeto-buno-wo, tuben kure-i.

[ooomm]

this is a translation of the other most sacred text of the ancient Persian monotheistic religion, which is rendered here in Cyrillic alphabet:

Яѳаа Аһуу Ваиријоо Аѳаа Ратуш Ашаат-чиит Һачаа

Ваңһыыуш Даздаа Манаңһоо Шяоѳынанаам Аңһыыуш Маздааи

Хшаѳрымчаа Аһурааи Аа Јим Дрыґубјоо Дадат Ваастаарым.

(hear it)