Voþken
| Voþken | |
|---|---|
| Voþken | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]] |
| Created by | iancgil |
| |
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | h /x/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | s [z]* | |||||
| Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l /l/ | |||||||
*allophone
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ||
| Near-Close | i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]* | o /ʊ/ | ||
| Close-Mid | ei/ey /ej/ | |||
| Mid | e [ə]* | |||
| Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | oi/oy /ɔɪ/ | ||
| Near-Open | a /æ/ | |||
| Open | a [a]* | ai/ay /aj/ |
*allophone
Phonotactics
Allowed Syllables
- (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Consonant Clusters Word Initial
- [fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
- [stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]
Word Internal
Word Final
- [fricative]+[stop]
- [stop]+[fricative]
- /m/+/b/
- /n/+[stop,excluding /b/]
Phonological Rules
- /ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
- /s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
- /s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
- /ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
- /j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
- /j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
- /j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
- /æ/ > [a] / _/j/$
Stress
Grammar
Word Order
OVS, V2
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Morphology
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Derivational Morphology
| Verb to Noun | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -aygan | -eygen | -ygyn | -oygon |
Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity
menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation
eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber
| Verb to Adjective | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | -ag | -eg | -ig | -og |
| Suffix | -any | -eny | -iny | -ony |
Examples:
menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable
cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable
wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable
cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable
| Voþken | English Approximation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective to: | Adverb | -dwa | -ly |
| Noun | -ah | -ness | |
| Verb | -unk | -ize, -ise | |
| Adjective | -sla | -ish | |
Examples:
| Voþken | English Approximation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun to: | Adverb | ||
| Verb | -rið | -fy | |
| Adjective | -ym | -y | |
Nouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| goþ | goþwa | goþest | goþwest | goþyr | goþwyr |
| stur | sturwa | sturest | sturwest | sturyr | sturwyr |
| vent | ventwa | ventest | ventwest | ventyr | ventwyr |
| vekna | veknaw | veknast | veknawst | veknayr | veknawyr |
| sure | surew | surest | surewst | sureyr | surewyr |
Pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| First Person | on | onne | onest | onnest | onyr | onneyr |
| Second Person | uð | uððe | uðest | uððest | uðyr | uððeyr |
| Third Person | ta | itta | test | ittest | tayr | ittayr |
| Zeroth Person | suþ | suþþe | suþest | suþþest | suþyr | suþþeyr |
Correlatives
| Interrogative | Demonstrative | Quantifier | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Medial | Distal | Assertive Existential | Elective Existential | Universal | Negatory | Positive Alternative | ||||
| Determiner | Singular | foy which |
led this |
loyd that |
seg yon |
byrcym some |
bytym any whichever whichsoever |
veylym every each all |
þwivym no |
byonym another | |
| Plural | feyd what |
ledeþ these |
loydeþ those |
segeþ yonder | |||||||
| Pronoun | Human | Singular | frycegoþ who |
ledah this |
loydah that |
segah yon |
byrcgoþ someone |
bytgoþ anyone anybody whoever |
veylgoþ everyone everybody all |
þwivgoþ no one nobody |
byongoþ another someone else somebody else |
| Plural | frycegoþeþ whom |
ledhe these |
loydhe those |
seghe yonder |
byrcgoþeþ somebody |
bytgoþeþ whomever whosoever whomsoever | |||||
| Nonhuman | Singular | fryce what |
ledah this |
loydah that |
segah yon |
byrc something |
byt anything whatever whatsoever |
veyl everything all |
þwiv nothing |
byon something else else other | |
| Plural | fryceþ what |
ledhe these |
loydhe those |
seghe yonder | |||||||
| Out of Two (dual) | fryceuþ which one |
ledsuþ this one |
loydsuþ that one |
segsuþ yon |
suþ one |
bytsuþ either whichever whichsoever |
veylsuþ both |
þwivsuþ neither |
byonsuþ other | ||
| Out of Many (plural) | fryceuþþe which |
ledsuþþe these |
loydsuþþe those |
segsuþþe yonder |
suþþe some |
bytsuþþe any whichever whichsoever |
veylsuþþe each all |
þwivsuþþe none |
byonsuþþe another | ||
| Pro-Adverb | Location | fest where |
festyng here |
festynþ there |
festynt yonder |
byrcfest somewhere |
bytfest anywhere wherever wheresoever |
veylfest everywhere |
þwivfest nowhere |
byonfest elsewhere | |
| Source | fiþ whence |
fiþng hence |
fiþnþ thence |
fiþnt |
byrcfiþ somewhence |
bytfiþ anywhence whencever whencesoever |
veylfiþ everywhence |
þwivfiþ nowhence |
byonfiþ elsewhence | ||
| Goal | fast whither |
fastyng hither |
fastynþ thither |
fastynt |
byrcfast somewhither |
bytfast anywhither whitherever whithersoever |
veylfast everywither |
þwivast nowhither |
byonfast elsewhither | ||
| Time | feyþ when |
feyþyng now |
feyþynþ then |
feyþynt |
byrcfeyþ sometime somewhen |
bytfeyþ anytime anywhen whenever whensoever |
veylfeyþ always everywhen |
þwivfeyþ never nowhen |
byonfeyþ elsewhen another time | ||
| Manner | fost how whereby |
fostyng thus hereby |
fostynþ thereby |
fostynt |
byrcfost somehow |
bytfost anyhow however howsoever |
veylfost everyway everyhow |
þwivfost no way no how |
byonfost otherwise elseway elsehow | ||
| Reason | frih why wherefor |
frihyng herefore |
frihynþ therefore |
frihynt |
byrcfrih somewhy for some reason |
bytfrih anywhy whyever whysoever |
veylfrih everywhy |
þwivfrih nowhy |
byonfrih elsewhy | ||
Verbs
| -ag | -ig | -og | -eg | ayg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eþag - to sleep | venig - to have | hadog - to want | waneg - to do | ayg - to be | ||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Present | eþ | eþwa | ven | venwi | had | hadwo | wan | wanwe | ay | aywi |
| Perfect | eþat | eþact | venit | venict | hadot | hadoct | wanet | wanect | ayt | ayct |
| Imperfect | ay eþat | ay eþact | ay venit | ay venict | ay hadot | ay hadoct | ay wanet | ay wanect | ay ayt | ay ayct |
| Pluperfect | ayt eþat | ayct eþact | ayt venit | ayct venict | ayt hadot | ayct hadoct | ayt wanet | ayct wanect | ayt ayt | ayct ayct |
| Future | eþwað | eþwaðy | venwið | venwiðy | hadoð | hadoðy | waneð | waneðy | ayð | ayðy |
| Present Hodiernal | eþand | eþande | venind | veninde | hadond | hadonde | wanend | wanende | aynd | aynde |
| Past Hodiernal | eþatand | eþactand | venitind | venictind | hadotond | hadoctond | wanetend | wanectend | aytind | ayctind |
| Future Hodiernal | eþwaðand | eþwaðyand | venwiðind | venwiðyind | hadoðond | hadoðyond | waneðend | waneðyend | ayðind | ayðyind |
Passive
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.
Modal Particles
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
| Particle | Expressing | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| va | Advice | Uð va cwel. | You ought to run. |
| ði | Logical Conclusion/Certainty | Kyað itta ði ay voyact | He must have drank the water. |
| cwat | Polite Permission | On cwat sun þray? | Might I leave? |
| ef | Ability | On ef cwel. | I can run. |
| lo | Possibility | On lo noyk. | I could fall. |
| veh | Probability | On veh sun. | I may leave. |
| loy | Permission | Kyað onest loy voy þray? | May I drink the water? |
| beg | Obligation | On beg sun. | I must leave. |
| wyv | Partial Obligation | On wyv sun. | I should leave. |
Mood Particles
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
| Particle | Mood | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Indicative | Stur onest askit. | I went home. |
| von | Imperative | Stur uðest ask von. | (You) go home. |
| þray | Interrogative | Uð vaskdwa ay þray? | Are you well? |
Negation
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.
Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.
Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.
Adjectives
Adjectives precede what it is modifying.
Predicative Adjectives
Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.
Adjective Order
Adverbs
Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.
Adpositions
| Voþken | Associated Case | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grammatical | þwai | Ablative | away from, from |
| dac | Instrumental | with, by means of | |
| swyn | Causal | for, for the purpose of | |
| Location | við | Adessive | near, at, by |
| cod | Antessive | before | |
| ede | Apudessive | next to | |
| guþ | Inessive | inside | |
| ðal | Intrative | between | |
| cef | Locative | at, on, in | |
| kres | Pertingent | touching | |
| nem | Postessive | behind | |
| ðrei | Subessive | under | |
| eft | Superessive | on top of | |
| Motion from | grun | Ablative | away from |
| fec | Delative | from the top of | |
| hid | Egressive | beginning from (some time) | |
| nera | Elative | out of the | |
| myu | Initiative | beginning from (some location) | |
| Motion to | deg | Allative | to (the side of) |
| yet | Illative | into | |
| gyn | Lative | to (the location of) | |
| hym | Sublative I | onto | |
| royt | Sublative II | to (under) | |
| Relation | gehet | Ablative | concerning |
| bedwað | Benefactive | for, for the benefit of | |
| cinem | Causal | because of, due to, because |
Questions
The Interrogative
Yes/No/Yea/Nay
Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.
Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.
Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.
Question Words
Numbers
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
| Digit | Powers of 12 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12^0 | 12^1 | 12^2 | 12^3 | 12^4 | 12^5 | |
| 1 | gad | gadur | gadara | gadora | gadira | gadurþa |
| 2 | þes | þesur | þesara | þesora | þesira | þesurþa |
| 3 | an | anur | anara | anora | anira | anurþa |
| 4 | syk | sykur | sykara | sykora | sykira | sykurþa |
| 5 | wyk | wykur | wykara | wykora | wykira | wykurþa |
| 6 | vað | vaður | vaðara | vaðora | vaðira | vaðarþa |
| 7 | nesk | neskur | neskara | neskora | neskira | neskurþa |
| 8 | com | comur | comara | comora | comira | comurþa |
| 9 | pwa | pwar | pwara | pwaora | pwaira | pwarþa |
| 10 | syen | syenur | syenara | syenora | syenira | syenurþa |
| 11 | foyl | foylur | foylara | foylora | foylira | foylurþa |