Contionary:apa

Kirtumur

Etymology

From Proto-Kyrdan *ap- (“to climb”). Cognate with Kērsalur uapatha “to ascend”, Cirdamur aba, Old Sērsal isab “uphill”, Old Ķyrdum abudan “beginning”.

Pronunciation

(Umunesal) IPA: [ˈɑ.pɑ]

Noun

apa v intransitive

1. to move upward

   talaur inikipe – he/she didn’t go up that road.

2. to become higher in pitch or frequency

   hur wiša eyapapate – the sound got louder and louder.

3. to climb

   yimauz enehapapau ušamei – we used to climb this moutain easily.

Declension

Active Intransitive (no reduplication)
Verb forms		singular			dual			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Affirmative
Imperfective	Present	hape	ōpe	yape	hapu	ōpu	yapu	hapit	ōpit	yapit
	Past	eape	eōpe	eyape	eapu	eōpu	eyapu	eapit	eōpit	eyapit
	Future	hapis	ōpis	yapis	hapisu	ōpisu	yapisu	hapisit	ōpisit	yapisit
Aorist		eap	eōp	eyap	eapu	eōpu	eyapu	eapit	eōpit	eyapit
Perfect	Present	hapet	ōpet	yapet	hattu	ōttu	yattu	hattit	ōttit	yattit
	Past	eapet	eōpet	eyapet	eattu	eōttu	eyattu	eattit	eōttit	eyattit
Irrealis	Present Subjunctive	pōp	paōp	peyap	pōpu	paōpu	peyapu	pōpit	paōpit	peyapit
	Future	hepōp	hepaōp	hepeyap	hepōpu	hepaōpu	hepeyapu	hepōpit	hepaōpit	hepeyapit
	Optative	kurap	kurōp	kurip	kurapu	kurōpu	kuripu	kurapit	kurōpit	kuripit
Imperative		apeya
Negative
Imperfective	Present	ŋipe	ŋōpe	kipe	ŋipu	ŋōpu	kipu	ŋipit	ŋōpit	kipit
	Past	iŋipe	eŋōpe	ikipe	iŋipu	eŋōpu	ikipu	iŋipit	eŋōpit	ikipit
	Future	ŋipis	ŋōpis	kipis	ŋipisu	ŋōpisu	kipisu	ŋipisit	ŋōpisit	kipisit
Aorist		iŋip	eŋōp	ikip	iŋipu	eŋōpu	ikipu	iŋipit	eŋōpit	ikipit
Perfect	Present	ŋipet	ŋōpet	kipet	ŋittu	ŋōttu	kittu	ŋittit	ŋōttit	kittit
	Past	iŋipet	eŋōpet	ikipet	iŋittu	eŋōttu	ikittu	iŋittit	eŋōttit	ikittit
Irrealis	Present Subjunctive	paŋip	paŋōp	pakip	paŋipu	paŋōpu	pakipu	paŋipit	paŋōpit	pakipit
	Future	hepaŋip	hepaŋōp	hepakip	hepaŋipu	hepaŋōpu	hepakipu	hepaŋipit	hepaŋōpit	hepakipit
	Optative	kurŋip	kurŋōp	kurkip	kurŋipu	kurŋōpu	kurkipu	kurŋipit	kurŋōpit	kurkipit
Imperative		ma apeya

Infinitives Affirmative Negative Imperfective apa apakha Aorist apei apeikha Future apeis apeiska Perfect attei atteikha

Participles Imperfective Perfective (affirmative) (negative) (affirmative) (negative) Active apin apimi apanu apōmu Middle apis apisma apēs apēsma Passive apēni apēmi apauni apeumi Antipassive apun apuma apōn apōma

Derived terms

• ekhapin – start
• esape – upwards