Mutations
Consonant mutations
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.
| Consonant-initial mutations
|
| Unmutated |
Fricativisation |
Palatalisation |
Labialisation |
Voicing |
Devoicing |
Nasalisation
|
| b
|
bh [ʋ] |
bj |
bw |
- |
bp [p] |
mb [m]
|
| bl
|
bhl [ʋl] |
- |
- |
- |
bpl [pl] |
mbl [ml]
|
| br
|
bhr [ʋɾ] |
- |
- |
- |
bpr [pɾ] |
mbr [mɾ]
|
| d
|
dh [ð] |
dj [ɟ] |
dw |
- |
dh [ð] |
nd [n]
|
| dr
|
dhr |
- |
- |
- |
dhr |
-
|
| dv
|
dhv |
- |
- |
- |
dhv |
-
|
| f
|
- |
fj |
fw |
fv |
- |
nf
|
| fl
|
- |
- |
- |
fvl |
- |
-
|
| g
|
gh [ɣ] |
gj [ɟ] |
gw |
/ |
gk [k] |
ng [ŋ]
|
| gl
|
ghl |
glj [ʑʎ] |
/ |
/ |
gkl |
ngl
|
| gr
|
ghr |
/ |
/ |
/ |
gkr |
ngr
|
| j
|
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
w |
/ |
jh [j̊] |
nj
|
| k
|
kh [x] |
kj [c] |
kw |
kg [g] |
/ |
kh [x]
|
| kl
|
khl |
klj [ɕʎ] |
/ |
kgl |
/ |
khl
|
| kr
|
khr |
/ |
/ |
kgr |
/ |
khr
|
| h
|
/ |
hj [xʲ] |
hw [ʍ] |
gh [ɣ] |
/ |
kh
|
| hw
|
/ |
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
w |
/ |
w
|
| l
|
/ |
lj |
lw |
/ |
lh |
/
|
| m
|
mh [v] |
mlj |
mw |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| ml
|
mhl |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| mr
|
mhr |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| mn
|
mhn |
mnj |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| n
|
/ |
nj |
nw |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| p
|
ph [f] |
pj |
pw |
pb [b] |
/ |
ph [f]
|
| pl
|
phl |
/ |
/ |
pbl |
/ |
phl
|
| pr
|
phr |
/ |
/ |
pbr |
/ |
phr
|
| r
|
/ |
rj |
rw |
/ |
rh |
/
|
| rh
|
rr [r] |
rr |
rhw [r̥ʷ] |
rr |
/ |
rr
|
| lh
|
ll [l] |
ll |
lhw [l̥ʷ] |
ll |
/ |
ll
|
| s
|
sh [h] |
sj [ɕ] |
sw |
sz [z] |
/ |
/
|
| t
|
th [θ] |
tj [c] |
tw |
td [d] |
th [θ] |
th
|
| tl
|
thl |
tlj [ɕʎ] |
/ |
tdl |
thl |
thl
|
| tr
|
thr |
/ |
/ |
tdr |
thr |
thr
|
| tv
|
/ |
/ |
/ |
tdv |
tsv [sʋ] |
/
|
| tf
|
/ |
tjf [ɕf] |
/ |
tfv [dʋ] |
tsf [sf] |
/
|
| z
|
zh [ɣ] |
zj [ʑ] |
zw |
/ |
zs [s] |
/
|
| w
|
/ |
jw [ɥ] |
/ |
/ |
wh [ʍ] |
jw [ɥ]
|
| th
|
/ |
/ |
/ |
dh [ð] |
/ |
/
|
| sk
|
shk [xk] |
skj [ɕc] |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| st
|
sht [xt] |
stj [ɕc] |
/ |
/ |
/ |
/
|
| vowel
|
c' |
- |
w' |
- |
l' |
c'
|
| Consonant-final mutations
|
| Unmutated |
Mutated
|
| b
|
bb
|
| c
|
c
|
| d
|
dd
|
| dh
|
d
|
| f
|
p
|
| ft
|
ft
|
| g
|
gg
|
| j
|
j
|
| jh
|
jj
|
| js
|
sj
|
| jz
|
zj
|
| k
|
kk
|
| kh
|
kh
|
| l
|
l
|
| lf
|
lf
|
| ld
|
ld
|
| lj
|
lj
|
| lh
|
ll
|
| ls
|
ll
|
| lt
|
lt
|
| lv
|
lv
|
| lz
|
lj
|
| m
|
m
|
| mh
|
mm
|
| ms
|
ms
|
| n
|
n
|
| nd
|
nd
|
| nf
|
ff
|
| nh
|
nn
|
| nj
|
nj
|
| ns
|
ss
|
| nt
|
nt
|
| nz
|
nj
|
| p
|
pp
|
| r
|
r
|
| rd
|
d
|
| rdh
|
dh
|
| rh
|
rr
|
| rn
|
n
|
| rs
|
sj
|
| rt
|
tt
|
| rth
|
th
|
| rz
|
zj
|
| s
|
s
|
| st
|
st
|
| t
|
tt
|
| v
|
b
|
| z
|
z
|
Vowel mutations
Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.
| Vowel mutations
|
| Unmutated |
E-PLURAL |
Unmutated |
O-PLURAL
|
| Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary
|
| NON-FINAL
|
| a
|
e |
ea
|
a
|
au |
ae
|
| e
|
i |
ie
|
e
|
au |
ae
|
| i
|
ei |
ea
|
i
|
ie |
ea
|
| o
|
oi |
oe
|
o
|
o |
oe
|
| u
|
y |
ye
|
u
|
oa |
ue
|
| y
|
y |
ye
|
y
|
u |
ue
|
| ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL
|
| a
|
ai |
ai
|
a
|
ae |
au
|
| e
|
ea |
ae
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
| i
|
ei |
ei
|
i
|
ea |
ei
|
| o
|
oe |
oe
|
o
|
oe |
oi
|
| u
|
ou |
oi
|
u
|
oa |
ou
|
| y
|
ye |
oe
|
y
|
ue |
ui
|
| ai
|
au |
oa
|
ai
|
ae |
au
|
| ei
|
oi |
oe
|
ei
|
ou |
ui
|
| oa
|
o |
oe
|
oa
|
au |
au
|
| NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|
| a
|
ae |
ai
|
a
|
ae |
ai
|
| e
|
ea |
ei
|
e
|
ea |
ei
|
| i
|
ei |
ei
|
i
|
ie |
ai
|
| o
|
oe |
oe
|
o
|
oe |
oi
|
| u
|
ye |
oe
|
u
|
oa |
oi
|
| y
|
ye |
oe
|
y
|
ye |
ui
|
| LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|
| a
|
ae |
ei
|
a
|
ae |
ei
|
| e
|
ea |
ei
|
e
|
ie |
ei
|
| i
|
ea |
ei
|
i
|
ie |
ei
|
| o
|
oe |
oi
|
o
|
ie |
ei
|
| u
|
ye |
oi
|
u
|
ue |
ui
|
| y
|
ye |
oi
|
y
|
ue |
ui
|
Nouns
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:
| Case |
Singular |
Dual |
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
-Ø |
-is |
-(Vmut.)-Ø
|
| Genitive
|
-ur |
-urh |
-(Vmut.)-ur
|
| Dative
|
-en |
-enh |
-(Vmut.)-en
|
| Accusative
|
-er |
-erh |
-(Vmut.)-er
|
| Locative
|
-on |
-olh |
-(Vmut.)-on
|
First declension
| First declension: vowel-final
|
| SINGULAR
|
| Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| -a
|
-aur |
-aen |
-aer |
-ael
|
| -e
|
-eir |
-ean |
-ear |
-eil
|
| -i
|
-uir |
-ien |
-air |
-iel
|
| -o
|
-oir |
-oen |
-oar |
-oel
|
| -u
|
-uer |
-uin |
-uir |
-uil
|
| -y
|
-yer |
-yen |
-yer |
-yel
|
| DUAL
|
| -ais
|
-warh |
-aenh |
-aerh |
-aelh
|
| -eis
|
-jerh |
-eanh |
-earh |
-jelh
|
| -ies
|
-wirh |
-ienh |
-jarh |
-ielh
|
| -ois
|
-jorh |
-oenh |
-oarh |
-oelh
|
| -uis
|
-uerh |
-winh |
-wirh |
-wilh
|
| -yes
|
-yerh |
-yenh |
-yerh |
-yelh
|
| PLURAL
|
| -ai
|
-air |
-ain |
-air |
-ail
|
| -ie
|
-ier |
-ien |
-ier |
-iel
|
| -ei
|
-eir |
-ein |
-eir |
-eil
|
| -oe
|
-oer |
-oen |
-oer |
-oel
|
| -ou
|
-our |
-oun |
-our |
-oul
|
| -ye
|
-yer |
-yen |
-yer |
-yel
|
Second declension
| First declension: one final consonant
|
| SINGULAR
|
| Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| -aC
|
-aCur |
-aCen |
-aCer |
-aCon
|
| -eC
|
-eCur |
-eCen |
-eCer |
-eCon
|
| -iC
|
-iCur |
-iCen |
-iCer |
-iCon
|
| -oC
|
-oCur |
-oCen |
-oCer |
-oCon
|
| -uC
|
-uCur |
-uCen |
-uCer |
-uCon
|
| -yC
|
-yCyr |
-yCin |
-yCyr |
-yCin
|
| -aiC
|
-aiCur |
-aiCen |
-aiCer |
-aiCon
|
| -eiC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
| -oaC
|
-oaCoer |
-oaCean |
-oaCear |
-oaCoen
|
| DUAL
|
| -aCis
|
-aCurh |
-aCenh |
-aCerh |
-aColh
|
| -eCis
|
-eCurh |
-eCenh |
-eCerh |
-eColh
|
| -iCis
|
-iCurh |
-iCenh |
-iCerh |
-iColh
|
| -oCis
|
-oCurh |
-oCenh |
-oCerh |
-oColh
|
| -uCis
|
-uCurh |
-uCenh |
-uCerh |
-uColh
|
| -yCis
|
-yCyrh |
-yCinh |
-yCyrh |
-yCilh
|
| -aiCis
|
-aiCurh |
-aiCenh |
-aiCerh |
-aiColh
|
| -eiCis
|
-eiCurh |
-eiCenh |
-eiCerh |
-eiColh
|
| -oaCis
|
-oaCoerh |
-oaCeanh |
-oaCearh |
-oaCoelh
|
| E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m)
|
| -aiC
|
-aiCur |
-aiCen |
-aiCer |
-aiCon
|
| -eaC
|
-aeCyr |
-aeCen |
-aeCer |
-aeCoen
|
| -eiC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
| -oeC
|
-oeCyr |
-oeCen |
-oeCer |
-oeCoen
|
| -ouC
|
-oiCur |
-oiCen |
-oiCer |
-oiCon
|
| -yeC
|
-oeyCyr |
-oeCin |
-oeCyr |
-oeCin
|
| -auC
|
-oaCoer |
-oaCean |
-oaCear |
-oaCoen
|
| -oiC
|
-oeCaer |
-oeCean |
-oeCear |
-oeCaen
|
| -oC
|
-oeCoer |
-oeCean |
-oeCear |
-oeCoen
|
| O-PLURAL
|
| -aeC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
| -eaC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
| -eaC
|
-eiCur |
-eiCen |
-eiCer |
-eiCon
|
| -oeC
|
-oiCur |
-oiCen |
-oiCer |
-oiCon
|
| -oaC
|
-ouCur |
-ouCen |
-ouCer |
-ouCon
|
| -yeC
|
-uiCur |
-uiCen |
-uiCer |
-uiCon
|
| -aeC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
| -ouC
|
-uiCur |
-uiCen |
-uiCer |
-uiCon
|
| -uC
|
-auCur |
-auCen |
-auCer |
-auCon
|
Third declension
| First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative
|
| SINGULAR
|
| Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| -aN
|
-aNur |
-aNen |
-aNer |
-aNon
|
| -eN
|
-eNur |
-eNen |
-eNer |
-eNon
|
| -iN
|
-iNur |
-iNen |
-iNer |
-iNon
|
| -oN
|
-oNur |
-oNen |
-oNer |
-oNon
|
| -uN
|
-uNur |
-uNen |
-uNer |
-uNon
|
| -yN
|
-yNyr |
-yNin |
-yNyr |
-yNin
|
| DUAL
|
| -aNath
|
-aNurh |
-aNenh |
-aNerh |
-aNolh
|
| -eNath
|
-eNurh |
-eNenh |
-eNerh |
-eNolh
|
| -iNath
|
-iNurh |
-iNenh |
-iNerh |
-iNolh
|
| -oNath
|
-oNurh |
-oNenh |
-oNerh |
-oNolh
|
| -uNath
|
-uNurh |
-uNenh |
-uNerh |
-uNolh
|
| -yNath
|
-yNyrh |
-yNinh |
-yNyrh |
-yNilh
|
| E-PLURAL
|
| -aeN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
| -eaN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
| -eiN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
| -oeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
| -yeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
| -yeN
|
-oeNyr |
-oeNean |
-oeNear |
-oeNyn
|
| O-PLURAL
|
| -aeN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
| -eaN
|
-eiNur |
-eiNen |
-eiNer |
-eiNon
|
| -ieN
|
-aiNur |
-aiNen |
-aiNer |
-aiNon
|
| -oeN
|
-oiNur |
-oiNen |
-oiNar |
-oiNon
|
| -oaN
|
-oiNur |
-oiNen |
-oiNar |
-oiNon
|
| -yeN
|
-uiNur |
-uiNen |
-uiNar |
-uiNon
|
Fourth declension
| First declension: liquid + plosive/fricative
|
| SINGULAR
|
| Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| -aL
|
-aLur |
-aLen |
-aLer |
-aLon
|
| -eL
|
-eLur |
-eLen |
-eLer |
-eLon
|
| -iL
|
-iLur |
-iLen |
-iLer |
-iLon
|
| -oL
|
-oLur |
-oLen |
-oLer |
-oLon
|
| -uL
|
-uLur |
-uLen |
-uLer |
-uLon
|
| -yL
|
-yLyr |
-yLin |
-yLyr |
-yLin
|
| DUAL
|
| -aLath
|
-aLurh |
-aLenh |
-aLerh |
-aLolh
|
| -eLath
|
-eLurh |
-eLenh |
-eLerh |
-eLolh
|
| -iLath
|
-iLurh |
-iLenh |
-iLerh |
-iLolh
|
| -oLath
|
-oLurh |
-oLenh |
-oLerh |
-oLolh
|
| -uLath
|
-uLurh |
-uLenh |
-uLerh |
-uLolh
|
| -yLath
|
-yLyrh |
-yLinh |
-yLyrh |
-yLilh
|
| E-PLURAL
|
| -aeL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -eaL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -eaL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -oeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
| -yeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
| -yeL
|
-oiLur |
-oiLen |
-oiLer |
-oiLon
|
| O-PLURAL
|
| -aeL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -ieL
|
-eiLur |
-eiLen |
-eiLer |
-eiLon
|
| -ueL
|
-uiLur |
-uiLen |
-uiLer |
-uiLon
|
| -ueL
|
-uiLur |
-uiLen |
-uiLer |
-uiLon
|
Adjectives
Adjectives typically end in one of the four adjectival endings: -eg, -it, -in (passive participle), or -aic active participles). The first three types also form comparative and superlative forms but the last types cannot. As expected, adjectives decline and have to agree with the noun in number and case.
| Adjectival declension
|
| -EG adjectives
|
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| Singular
|
-eg |
-egri |
-engi |
-egri |
-engi
|
| Dual
|
-eggis |
-egris |
-engis |
-egris |
-engis
|
| Plural
|
-eag |
-eigri |
-jengi |
-eigri |
-jengi
|
| -IT adjectives
|
| Singular
|
-it |
-itri |
-inti |
-idri |
-ilti
|
| Dual
|
-ittis |
-itris |
-intis |
-idris |
-iltis
|
| Plural
|
-eit |
-eitri |
-jenti |
-eidri |
-jelti
|
| -IN adjectives
|
| Singular
|
-in |
-inri |
-inti |
-indi |
-inli
|
| Dual
|
-inis |
-inris |
-intis |
-indis |
-inlis
|
| Plural
|
-ein |
-jenri |
-jenti |
-jendi |
-jenli
|
| -AIC adjectives
|
| Singular
|
-aic |
-aicri |
-aicwi |
-aicri |
-aicwi
|
| Dual
|
-aicis |
-aicris |
-aicwis |
-aicris |
-aicwis
|
| Plural
|
-auc |
-oaci |
-oacwi |
-oacri |
-oacwi
|
Comparative and superlative
The comparative and superlative degrees are as follows:
| Comparative and superlative
|
| -EG comparative
|
|
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
Locative
|
| Singular
|
-eim |
-eimri |
-eimni |
-eimri |
-eimli
|
| Dual
|
-eimis |
-eimris |
-eimnis |
-eimris |
-eimlis
|
| Plural
|
-oim |
-oemri |
-oemni |
-oemri |
-oemli
|
| -EG superlative
|
| Singular
|
-eid |
-eidre |
-jende |
-eidre |
-jeldi
|
| Dual
|
-eidis |
-eidres |
-jendes |
-eidres |
-jeldes
|
| Plural
|
-oid |
-oedre |
-oende |
-oedre |
-oelde
|
Additionally, the elative degree is formed by adding the prefix nae- in front of the adjective in its basic form.
Pronouns
Verbs
Verbs are inflected for three persons and three numbers in five moods and several tenses.
| Verbal conjugation: affirmative
|
|
|
1sg |
2sg |
3sg |
1du |
2du |
3du |
1pl |
2pl |
3pl
|
| Indicative |
Present
|
-e |
er |
-i |
-eth |
-en |
-ejh |
-ed(e) |
-end(e) |
-est
|
| Preterite
|
-is |
-irh |
-a |
-if |
-im |
-ic |
-ift |
-inz(i) |
-adh(i)
|
| Imperfect
|
-ini |
-iri |
-ina |
-ínf |
-imi |
-ighi |
-int |
-inja |
-inda
|
| Future
|
-u |
-om |
-o |
-us |
-úms |
-ur |
-ud(a) |
-ond(a) |
-os
|
| Conditional
|
-foi |
-foen |
-fai |
-faes |
-forh |
-feajh |
-foit |
-fwin |
-fodh(i)
|
| Imperative
|
- |
-o |
- |
-on |
- |
-or |
-
|
Impersonal
indicative |
Present
|
-ei |
-eis |
-endi
|
| Preterite
|
-ia |
-ian |
-ialh
|
| Imperfect
|
-írni |
-inge |
-idhe
|
| Future
|
-ust |
-uma |
-uvi
|
| Impersonal conditional
|
-fau |
-fois |
-feth
|
| Verbal conjugation: negative
|
|
|
1sg |
2sg |
3sg |
1du |
2du |
3du |
1pl |
2pl |
3pl
|
| Indicative |
Negation
|
wei |
war |
wai |
wath |
wan |
was |
wat |
want |
wast
|
| Present
|
-e
|
| Preterite
|
-i
|
| Imperfect
|
-in
|
| Future
|
-u
|
| Conditional
|
-foa
|
| Imperative |
Negation
|
- |
ale |
- |
alan |
- |
alat |
-
|
|
|
-o |
-o |
-o
|
Impersonal
indicative |
Negation
|
wen |
wes |
went
|
| Present
|
-ea
|
| Preterite
|
-ae
|
| Imperfect
|
-oe
|
| Future
|
-ue
|
| Impersonal conditional
|
-fye
|