Kyrdan Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Kyrdan and its main descendants. This particular list is based on a 207 word list, although not all original words are present, because Kyrdan speakers were not familiar with some of these terms or concepts and thus their languages lack words for them. Some words were replaced with terminology, familiar to Kyrdan speakers (for example: 56 “leaf” or 57 “root” were replaced with “microbial mat” and “origin”), while other words were simply left out.
| No. | English | Proto-Kyrdan | Kirtumur | Kērsalur | Cirdamur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *qa- | ha- | ha- | a- |
| 2 | you (singular) | *ā- | ō- | ā- | ā- |
| 3 | he | – | i- | yi-/ye- | xi- |
| 7 | this | – | yi- | yu- | i- |
| 8 | that | *da | ta | ta | da |
| 9 | here | – | niyum | yaim | xai |
| 10 | there | *da-im? | tam | taim | dai |
| 11 | who | *gʷar~kʷar | khar | khwar | gar |
| 12 | what | *war | war | war | yar |
| 13 | where | – | kei | war neamasa | yarcēm |
| 14 | when | *kʷim~kʷiŋ | khim | kwhim | giŋ |
| 15 | how | *kōn | khōn | khōn | kōn |
| 16 | not | *ma~mi | ma~mi | mi | ma |
| 17 | all | *andu | antu | antu | andu |
| 18 | many | *eř-ku-n | erku | iškun | esku |
| 19 | some | *za-lë-n | za | zalen | sale |
| 20 | few | *gelki-n | kelka | kelkan | gelki |
| 21 | other | *tāt | thōt | thāt | tāti |
| 22 | one | *ig ŋiq |
ik | ik | ŋiˀ |
| 23 | two | *ʒë-u | cu | cu | se |
| 24 | three | *eš-ga | eška | eška | eš |
| 25 | four | *pa-ga | phak | phaka | pa |
| 26 | five | *ja-ga | yak | yaka | ya |
| 27 | big | *wō | wōa | wō | yō |
| 28 | long | *ej | *eja | *ei | *ēi |
| 29 | wide | *pas | phasa | phas | pas |
| 30 | thick | *bag | paka | pak | bak |
| 31 | heavy | *qōp *šad-i |
hōpa | šat | ōp sadi |
| 32 | small | *jēř-i | yera | yer | yēci |
| 33 | short | *kyr *ʒin-i |
khera | khēr cin |
sini |
| 34 | narrow | *rap | rapa | rap | rap |
| 35 | thin | *pāx *xis-i |
xesa | pāx | xiši |
| 36 | woman | *eřaŋi *čalmi |
ŋiraŋi | meraŋi | calmi |
| 37 | man (adult male) | *bëki | ŋirpekhi | mirpekhi | beki |
| 38 | man (human being) | *ŋʷiri *kyci |
ŋiri | miri | kici |
| 39 | child | *nini | nini | nini | nini |
| 40 | wife | *qaweřaŋi | hauraŋi | haweraŋi | aicaŋi |
| 41 | husband | *qawëbëki | haupekhi | hawepekhi | aibeki |
| 42 | mother | *ameřaŋi | ameraŋi | ameraŋi | amecaŋi |
| 43 | father | *amabëki | amapekhi | amapekhi | amabeki |
| 44 | living creature |
*alësi | arri | alesi | atti |
| 52 | colony | *ōqař | ōar | ōaš | ōhat |
| 53 | pipe | *weq | we | we | yeˀ |
| 55 | seed capsule |
*zalëši | zarer | zašeš | salex |
| 56 | archaea | *ŋipas | ŋephas | ŋephas | ŋipaš |
| 57 | origin | *yrim | irim | ērim | irim |
| 58 | membrane | *fem | hem | hem | em |
| 60 | microbial mat |
*lum | lum | akalem | lum |
| 61 | rope | *jeiq? | jei | jei | ēˀ |
| 62 | skin | *zër | zer | zer | ser |
| 63 | flesh | *ryw | rē | rewa | ri |
| 64 | blood | *aur *ur |
aur | aur | ur |
| 65 | bone | *řaqʷas | rōs | šawa | saˀaš |
| 66 | body | *jaux | jaux | jaux | jōx |
| 67 | egg, cyst | *ŋaus *nāqëm |
ŋaus | ŋaus | nāˀem |
| 69 | end | *čulpēk | chulpēk | chulpēk | culpēk |
| 70 | cover | *ʒap *ŋič |
cap | capham | ŋic |
| 71 | hair | *qepë | hep | hep | epe |
| 72 | head | *fes *tuq |
hes | hes | tuˀ |
| 73 | ear | *qysul | hisul | hēsul | išul |
| 74 | eye | ŋëw-in | ŋiwin | mēn | ŋain |
| 75 | nose | *qëmgir | himkir | himkir | emgir |
| 76 | mouth | *qʷez | hez | wez | es |
| 77 | tooth | *qij *lenxu |
linux | hije linux |
leˀun |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | *feiř | heir | heiš | ēc |
| 79 | fingernail | *gʷit-tuŋ | kittuŋ | kwittuŋ | kit |
| 80 | foot | *zitiř *aqa-sad |
zitir | zitiš | ahasat |
| 81 | leg | *cēdëw | chētu | chētu | cēd |
| 82 | knee | *ķiq | ki | ki | ciˀ |
| 83 | hand | *rim *byr |
rim | pēr | rim |
| 84 | corner | *bil | pil | pilum | nambil |
| 85 | belly | *tāg | thōk | thāk | tāk |
| 86 | guts | *jydëm | jitem | jētem | item |
| 87 | neck | ķōqʷa | kōwa | kōwa | cōˀ |
| 88 | back | *dergʷë | terke | terkwe | derek |
| 89 | breast | *qeip | heip | heip | ēp |
| 90 | heart | *tiŋqe | thiŋe | theŋe | tiˀeŋ |
| 91 | liver | – | mupilnu jitem | mupilnu jētem | sipildamnu idem |
| 92 | to drink | *wōra~waura? | waura | wōra | yōra |
| 93 | to eat | *ŋʷaisa | mesa~misa | misa | ŋaisa |
| 94 | to bite | *qaca | hacha | hacha | aca |
| 95 | to suck inhale |
*buʒ | puca | pauca | busa |
| 96 | to spit exhale |
*inʒa | neca | anaica | insa |
| 97 | to vomit | – | utitem aneca | namartāk aneca | udatinsa |
| 98 | to blow | – | intu ceiya | intu caia | udā insa |
| 99 | to breathe | *ʒaia | ceiya | caia | saia |
| 100 | to laugh | *šiša *xawa |
šeša | šeša | xōa |
| 101 | to see | *nëna | nena | nena | anna |
| 102 | to hear | *šala | šala | šela | xala |
| 103 | to know | *qʷama | wama | wama | ōma |
| 104 | to think | *fysa | hesa | hēsa | iša |
| 105 | to smell | *myga | meka | meka | mia |
| 106 | to fear | *guŋira | kuŋira | kuŋira | udiŋira |
| 107 | to sleep | *gʷōřa | kōra | kwōša | gōca |
| 108 | to live | *ŋala qela |
ŋala | hela | ela |
| 109 | to die | *gala | kala | kala | gala |
| 110 | to kill | *dō-gala | tō kala | tō kala | dōgla |
| 111 | to fight | *lika | lekha | likha | lika |
| 112 | to chase | *gaita | keitha | kaitha | gaita |
| 113 | to hit | *rauqa | rauwa | raua | rōˀa |
| 114 | to cut | *ǯara *kʷara |
khara | khwara | šara |
| 115 | to split | *dara | tara | untara | dara |
| 116 | to stab | *waxa | waxa | waxa | yaxa |
| 117 | to scratch | *fura | haura | hura | ura |
| 118 | to dig | *bala | pala | unpala | ubbala |
| 119 | to swim | qʷōla | haula | wōla | ōla |
| 120 | to fly | *saǯa | saca | saca | šaša |
| 121 | to walk | *lua *quda |
lua | lua | uda |
| 122 | to come | *qadata | hata | hatatha | atta |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | *řuda *luda |
luta | lata šuta |
suda |
| 124 | to sit | *ķikʷa | kikha | kikhwa | cika |
| 125 | to stand | *geba | kupa | kepa | giba |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | *gʷyra duwa |
tuwa kira |
kʷēra tuwa |
gira |
| 127 | to fall | *pela | phela | phela | pala |
| 128 | to give | *tača *dama |
thacha | thacha | udama |
| 129 | to hold | *dala in-dama |
tala | tala | indama |
| 130 | to squeeze | *fiša | haša | hiša | ixa |
| 131 | to rub | *taqura | thaura | thaura | tāˀra |
| 132 | to wash | *tuqa | thua | thua | tuˀa |
| 133 | to wipe | *sāba | sōpa | sāpa | šabba |
| 134 | to pull | *bagʷa | paka | pakwa | baga |
| 135 | to push | *in-bagʷa | naka | unakwa | inbaga |
| 136 | to throw | *jila | yala | yila | ila |
| 137 | to tie | *wiga | waka | waka | ia |
| 138 | to sew | *ķaša | kaša | kaša | caxa |
| 139 | to count | *jā(q)ma | yōma | yāma | yaˀma |
| 140 | to say | *duma~dauma | tuma | tuma | dōma |
| 141 | to sing | *muda | muta | muta | muda |
| 142 | to play | – | šarmata | urekana | iˀan gama |
| 143 | to float | *nyla *qēlqula |
nila | nēla | ēˀlula |
| 144 | to flow | *deķa | teka | teka | deca |
| 145 | to freeze | *wanira *iqera |
wanira | wanira | iˀera |
| 146 | to swell | *šuga | šuššuka | šuššuka | xua |
| 147 | sun | *ķa | ka | ka | ca |
| 148 | moon | *ku | khu | khu | ku |
| 149 | star | *niw | nē | newa | ni |
| 150 | water | *wa | wa | wa | ya |
| 151 | rain | *ije~iqʷe | iye | iwe | ye |
| 152 | river | *fy | hi | hē | i |
| 153 | lake | – | ul hē |
mual weya |
ul |
| 154 | sea | *mul | mul | mul | dumul mul |
| 155 | salt | *zēm | zēm | zēm | sēm |
| 156 | stone | *nāw *cikʷ |
nō | chikw | cik gim |
| 157 | sand | – | irix | lām | icci |
| 158 | dust | *qaupëw *ʒilëw |
hauphu | cilu | sil |
| 159 | earth | *ēm zam |
ēm | ēm | sam |
| 160 | cloud | *im *ca |
im | im chaphas |
ca |
| 161 | fog | *ruš *eŋë |
ruš | ruš | eŋ |
| 162 | sky | *zān | zōn | zān | sān |
| 163 | wind | *laj | lei | laja | li |
| 164 | snow | *dir | tir | namtir | uddir |
| 165 | ice | *qōn | hōn | hōn | ōn |
| 166 | smoke | *sidiw | sitē | sitiwi | šidik |
| 167 | fire | *cala *nam-dāb |
chal | chala | namdāb |
| 168 | ash | *nil-dij | niltē | nil | nilid |
| 169 | to burn | *daba | tapa | tapa | daddaba |
| 170 | road | *syl | sil | sēl | šil |
| 171 | mountain | *mauz | mauz | mauz | mōs |
| 172 | red | *ǯen | cen | cen | šeni |
| 173 | green | *tig | thik | thik | tiyi |
| 174 | yellow | *reig | reik | reik | rēi |
| 175 | white | ēq-u | ē | ēu | ēˀi |
| 176 | black | *quw-u | hō | hu | uyu |
| 177 | night | *ŋʷus *tax |
ŋus | mus | tax |
| 178 | day | *kiŋ | khiŋ | khiŋ | kiŋ |
| 179 | year | *mei? | mei | mei | en |
| 180 | warm | *kʷax *wēn |
wēna | wēn | kaxi |
| 181 | cold | *giqu *zōl |
zōla | zōl | giˀu |
| 182 | full | *aiš | eiša | aiš | aixi |
| 183 | new | *ʒen | sena | cen | seni |
| 184 | old | *lib | lepa | lip | libi |
| 185 | good | *ař | ara | aš | aci |
| 186 | bad | *qul | hula | hul | ul |
| 187 | spoilt | *ķyr | kera | kēr | curi |
| 188 | dirty | *pēl | phēla | phēl | pēli |
| 189 | straight | *čak | chakha | chak | caki |
| 190 | round | *raw | rawa | rau | rawi |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | *čidrë | chetra | cheter | cirdi |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | *lux | luxa | lux | luxi |
| 193 | smooth | *iřiŋʷ | ireŋa | išim | iciŋi |
| 194 | wet | *wyp | wepha | wēp | ipi |
| 195 | dry | *qār | hōra | hār | āri |
| 196 | correct | *gin | kina | kin | gini |
| 197 | near | *māq | mōa | mā | māˀ |
| 198 | far | *ajā | ayōa | ayā | yā |
| 199 | right | *ʒi | cea | ci | si |
| 200 | left | *gʷyl | kela | kwēl | gili |
| 201 | at | – | nu- | una- | a |
| 202 | in | – | ni- | ni- | a |
| 203 | with | *-da? | -ta | -ta | ida |
| 204 | and | – | ō | kwa | ŋa |
| 205 | if | *lē? | lē- | i- | lē- |
| 206 | because | *mu | mu- | mu | mu- |
| 207 | name | *ķāl | kōl | kāl | cāl |