Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Post Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Pharyngeal
|
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
voiceless
|
p /p/
|
|
t /t/
|
|
k /k/
|
q /q/
|
|
î /ʔ/
|
| voiced
|
b /b/
|
|
d /d/
|
|
g /g/
|
ĝ /ɢ/
|
|
|
| Ejectives
|
p' /pʼ/
|
|
t' /tʼ/
|
|
k' /kʼ/
|
|
|
|
| Implosives
|
b' /ɓ/
|
|
d' /ɗ/
|
|
g' /ɠ/
|
|
|
|
| Nasal
|
m /m/
|
|
n /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
|
f /f/
|
þ /θ/
|
s /s/
|
c /ʃ/
|
|
|
x /χ/
|
ĥ /ħ/
|
h /h/
|
| voiced
|
|
v /v/
|
ð /ð/
|
z /z/
|
j /ʒ/
|
|
|
r /ʁ/
|
ŷ /ʕ/
|
|
| Approximant
|
voiceless
|
ŵ /ʍ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced
|
w /w/
|
|
|
y /j/
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral Approximant
|
|
|
l /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|
*allophone
Vowels
|
Front |
Back
|
| High
|
i /i~ɪ/
|
u /u~ʊ/
|
| Low
|
a /a~æ/
|
|
Grammar
Verbs
Participles
| Tense |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Present
|
C1u-C2uC3
|
C1u-C2u-C3u
|
| Past
|
C1u-C2iC3
|
C1u-C2i-C3i
|
| Future
|
C1i-C2aC3
|
C1i-C2a-C3a
|
Tenses
| Tense |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Infinitive
|
C1u-C2aC3
|
C1u-C2a-C3a
|
| Present
|
a-C1u-C2uC3
|
a-C1u-C2u-C3u
|
| Perfect
|
sa-C1u-C2iC3
|
sa-C1u-C2i-C3i
|
| Imperfect
|
C1u-C2i-C3-at’
|
C1u-C2i-C3-it’
|
| Habitual Past
|
ma-C1u-C2iC3
|
ma-C1u-C2i-C3i
|
| Historical Past
|
ĥi-C1u-C2iC3
|
ĥa-C1u-C2i-C3i
|
| Recent Past
|
nu-C1u-C2iC3
|
nu-C1u-C2i-C3i
|
| Simple Future
|
ti-C1i-C2aC3
|
ti-C1i-C2a-C3a
|
| Near Future
|
b’a-C1i-C2aC3
|
ba-C1i-C2a-C3a
|
Nouns
Pronouns
| Person
|
Number
|
| Singular |
Dual |
Plural
|
| First
|
nala |
naluq |
nalud
|
| Second
|
p'asa |
p'asuq |
p'asud
|
| Third
|
gala |
galuq |
galud
|
| Zeroth
|
vaka |
vakuq |
vakud
|