Pre-Húsnorsk

(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hōsanorzka
Created by	Melinoë
Native to	Northern Kievan Rus
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form	Proto-Norse
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phus

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ʀ was historically written z, though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hósanorzka (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
Fricative	Unvoiced	f~v	θ~ð	s	x
	Voiced				ʀ¹
Approximant	Unvoiced	ʍ²		r̥, l̥
	Voiced	w		r, l³	j

1. probably [ʝ].
2. exact value unknown.
3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.

	Front		Back
	Unround	Round
High	i	y	u
Mid-High	e	ø	o
Mid-Low	ɛ	œ¹	ɔ
Low			a

1. it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Common patterns

Inflection of avlj (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlj	avljī	avlé	avléní
accusative	avl	avlī	avla	avlana
vocative	j'avl	j'avlī	j'avla	j'avlana
dative	avli	avlinū	avlū	avlunū
genitive	avlis	avlinūs	avlūs	avlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlsj	avlsjī	avlsé	avlséní
accusative	avls	avlsī	avlsa	avlsana
vocative	j'avls	j'avlsī	j'avlsa	j'avlsana
dative	avlsi	avlsinū	avlsū	avlsunū
genitive	avlsis	avlsinūs	avlsūs	avlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	avlgj	avlgjī	avlgé	avlgéní
accusative	avlg	avlgī	avlga	avlgana
vocative	j'avlg	j'avlgī	j'avlga	j'avlgana
dative	avlgi	avlginū	avlgū	avlgunū
genitive	avlgis	avlginūs	avlgūs	avlgunūs

Inflection of új (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	új	újī	úvé	úvéní
accusative	ú	úvī	úva	úvana
vocative	j'ú	j'úvī	j'úva	j'úvana
dative	úvi	úvinū	úvū	úvunū
genitive	úvis	úvinūs	úvūs	úvunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úsj	úsjī	úsé	úséní
accusative	ús	úsī	úsa	úsana
vocative	j'ús	j'úsī	j'úsa	j'úsana
dative	úsi	úsinū	úsū	úsunū
genitive	úsis	úsinūs	úsūs	úsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	úgj	úgjī	úgé	úgéní
accusative	úg	úgī	úga	úgana
vocative	j'úg	j'úgī	j'úga	j'úgana
dative	úgi	úginū	úgū	úgunū
genitive	úgis	úginūs	úgūs	úgunūs

Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ǿ	ójī	alí	alíní
accusative	ó	alī	ali	alina
vocative	j'ó	j'alī	j'ali	j'alina
dative	ali	alinū	alū	alunū
genitive	alis	alinūs	alūs	alunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósj	ósjī	ósí	ósíní
accusative	ós	ósī	ósi	ósina
vocative	j'ós	j'ósī	j'ósi	j'ósina
dative	ósi	ósinū	ósū	ósunū
genitive	ósis	ósinūs	ósūs	ósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ógj	ógjī	ógí	ógíní
accusative	óg	ógī	ógi	ógina
vocative	j'óg	j'ógī	j'ógi	j'ógina
dative	ógi	óginū	ógū	ógunū
genitive	ógis	óginūs	ógūs	ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ásj	ásjī	æsí	æsíní
accusative	ás	ásī	ási	ásina
vocative	j'ás	j'ásī	j'ási	j'ásina
dative	ási	ásinū	ásū	ásunū
genitive	ásis	ásinūs	ásūs	ásunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ássj	ássjī	æssí	æssíní
accusative	áss	ássī	ássi	ássina
vocative	j'áss	j'ássī	j'ássi	j'ássina
dative	ássi	ássinū	ássū	ássunū
genitive	ássis	ássinūs	ássūs	ássunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	áskj	áskjī	æskí	æskíní
accusative	ásk	áskī	áski	áskina
vocative	j'ásk	j'áskī	j'áski	j'áskina
dative	áski	áskinū	áskū	áskunū
genitive	áskis	áskinūs	áskūs	áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	najl	najliní
accusative	najl	najlī	najl	najlina
vocative	j'najl	j'najlī	j'najl	j'najlina
dative	najli	najlinū	najlū	najlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	najlūs	najlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	najls	najlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	najls	najlsina
vocative	j'najls	j'najlsī	j'najls	j'najlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	najlsū	najlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	najlsūs	najlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	najlg	najlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	najlg	najlgina
vocative	j'najlg	j'najlgī	j'najlg	j'najlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	najlgū	najlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	najlgūs	najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjī	fygg	fygginí
accusative	figg	figgī	fygg	fyggina
vocative	j'figg	j'figgī	j'fygg	j'fyggina
dative	figgi	figginū	figgū	figgunū
genitive	figgis	figginūs	figgūs	figgunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgsj	figgsjī	fyggs	fyggsiní
accusative	figgs	figgsī	fyggs	fyggsina
vocative	j'figgs	j'figgsī	j'fyggs	j'fyggsina
dative	figgsi	figgsinū	figgsū	figgsunū
genitive	figgsis	figgsinūs	figgsūs	figgsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjjī	fyggj	fyggjiní
accusative	figgj	figgjī	fyggj	fyggjina
vocative	j'figgj	j'figgjī	j'fyggj	j'fyggjina
dative	figgji	figgjinū	figgjū	figgjunū
genitive	figgjis	figgjinūs	figgjūs	figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasj	nasjī	nasé	naséní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
vocative	j'nas	j'nasī	j'nasa	j'nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nasū	nasunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nasūs	nasunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassj	nassjī	nassé	nasséní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
vocative	j'nass	j'nassī	j'nassa	j'nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nassū	nassunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nassūs	nassunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naskj	naskjī	naské	naskéní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
vocative	j'nask	j'naskī	j'naska	j'naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	naskū	naskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	naskūs	naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
vocative	j'akku	j'akkū	j'akký	j'akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	akkū	akkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	akkūs	akkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
vocative	j'akksu	j'akksū	j'akksý	j'akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	akksū	akksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	akksūs	akksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
vocative	j'akkju	j'akkjū	j'akkjý	j'akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	akkjū	akkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	akkjūs	akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mó	málit	mó	málī
accusative	mó	málit	mó	málī
vocative	j'mó	j'málit	j'mó	j'málī
dative	máli	málinū	málū	málunū
genitive	mális	málinūs	málūs	málunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
accusative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
vocative	j'mós	j'mósit	j'mós	j'mósī
dative	mósi	mósinū	mósū	mósunū
genitive	mósis	mósinūs	mósūs	mósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
accusative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
vocative	j'móg	j'mógit	j'móg	j'mógī
dative	mógi	móginū	mógū	mógunū
genitive	mógis	móginūs	mógūs	mógunūs

Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
accusative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
vocative	j'ísladd	j'ísladdit	j'ísladd	j'ísladdī
dative	ísladdi	ísladdinū	ísladdū	ísladdunū
genitive	ísladdis	ísladdinūs	ísladdūs	ísladdunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
accusative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
vocative	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsit	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsī
dative	ísladdsi	ísladdsinū	ísladdsū	ísladdsunū
genitive	ísladdsis	ísladdsinūs	ísladdsūs	ísladdsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
accusative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
vocative	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgit	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgī
dative	ísladdgi	ísladdginū	ísladdgū	ísladdgunū
genitive	ísladdgis	ísladdginūs	ísladdgūs	ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ak, a(h)¹, k', a'	þú, þ', u'	—	hán	þat, þan²
accusative	mik, mi(h)¹	þik, þi(h)¹	sik, si(h)¹
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive	mínj	þínj	sínj	hánj	þatj, þanj¹
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ví, ý	í	—	þí	þò
accusative	os	i, í	sik, si(h)¹	þé, þí
dative	osj	í	sí	þè
genitive	ork	ivé	sinj	þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. -at appears as -t after vowels.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Class 1

Conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)

	present				past
infinitive	grīpa				gripa
participle	grīpaddi				gripþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ	grīp		gripu	gripi	grip
þū	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ			gript	gript
hān	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ			gripu	gripi
wīʀ	grīpum	grīpim	grīpiþ, -aþ		gripum	gripim	gripiþ, -aþ
īʀ	grīpuþ	grīpiþ			gripuþ	gripiþ
þæiʀ	grīpun	grīpin			gripun	gripin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	grīpusk	grīpisk	grīpsk		gripusk	gripisk	gripsk
þū	grīpusk	grīpisk			griptsk	griptsk
hān	grīpusk	grīpisk			gripusk	gripisk
wīʀ	grīpumsk	grīpimsk	grīpitsk, -atsk		gripumsk	gripimsk	gripitsk, -atsk
īʀ	grīputsk	grīpitsk			griputsk	gripitsk
þæiʀ	grīpunsk	grīpinsk			gripunsk	gripinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2

Conjugation of ljūga — (strong class 2)

	present				past
infinitive	ljūga				luga
participle	ljūgaddi				lugþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	ljūguʀ	ljūgiʀ	ljūg		lugu	lugi	lug
þū	ljūguʀ	ljūgiʀ			lugt	lugt
hān	ljūguʀ	ljūgiʀ			lugu	lugi
wīʀ	ljūgum	ljūgim	ljūgiþ, -aþ		lugum	lugim	lugiþ, -aþ
īʀ	ljūguþ	ljūgiþ			luguþ	lugiþ
þæiʀ	ljūgun	ljūgin			lugun	lugin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	ljūgusk	ljūgisk	ljūgsk		lugusk	lugisk	lugsk
þū	ljūgusk	ljūgisk			lugtsk	lugtsk
hān	ljūgusk	ljūgisk			lugusk	lugisk
wīʀ	ljūgumsk	ljūgimsk	ljūgitsk, -atsk		lugumsk	lugimsk	lugitsk, -atsk
īʀ	ljūgutsk	ljūgitsk			lugutsk	lugitsk
þæiʀ	ljūgunsk	ljūginsk			lugunsk	luginsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3

Conjugation of sykka — (strong class 3)

	present				past
infinitive	sykka				sukka
participle	sykkaddi				sukkþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	sykkuʀ	sykkiʀ	sykk		sukku	sukki	sukk
þū	sykkuʀ	sykkiʀ			sukkt	sukkt
hān	sykkuʀ	sykkiʀ			sukku	sukki
wīʀ	sykkum	sykkim	sykkiþ, -aþ		sukkum	sukkim	sukkiþ, -aþ
īʀ	sykkuþ	sykkiþ			sukkuþ	sukkiþ
þæiʀ	sykkun	sykkin			sukkun	sukkin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	sykkusk	sykkisk	sykksk		sukkusk	sukkisk	sukksk
þū	sykkusk	sykkisk			sukktsk	sukktsk
hān	sykkusk	sykkisk			sukkusk	sukkisk
wīʀ	sykkumsk	sykkimsk	sykkitsk, -atsk		sukkumsk	sukkimsk	sukkitsk, -atsk
īʀ	sykkutsk	sykkitsk			sukkutsk	sukkitsk
þæiʀ	sykkunsk	sykkinsk			sukkunsk	sukkinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 5

Conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	gæta				gāta
participle	gætaddi				gāttăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	gætuʀ	gætiʀ	gæt		gātu	gāti	gāt
þū	gætuʀ	gætiʀ			gātt	gātt
hān	gætuʀ	gætiʀ			gātu	gāti
wīʀ	gætum	gætim	gætiþ, -aþ		gātum	gātim	gātiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gætuþ	gætiþ			gātuþ	gātiþ
þæiʀ	gætun	gætin			gātun	gātin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	gætusk	gætisk	gætsk		gātusk	gātisk	gātsk
þū	gætusk	gætisk			gāttsk	gāttsk
hān	gætusk	gætisk			gātusk	gātisk
wīʀ	gætumsk	gætimsk	gætitsk, -atsk		gātumsk	gātimsk	gātitsk, -atsk
īʀ	gætutsk	gætitsk			gātutsk	gātitsk
þæiʀ	gætunsk	gætinsk			gātunsk	gātinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 7

Conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present				past
infinitive	gagga				gægga
participle	gaggaddi				gæggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	gægguʀ	gaggiʀ	gagg		gæggu	gæggi	gægg
þū	gægguʀ	gaggiʀ			gæggt	gæggt
hān	gægguʀ	gaggiʀ			gæggu	gæggi
wīʀ	gaggum	gaggim	gaggiþ, -aþ		gæggum	gæggim	gæggiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gagguþ	gaggiþ			gægguþ	gæggiþ
þæiʀ	gaggun	gaggin			gæggun	gæggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	gaggusk	gaggisk	gaggsk		gæggusk	gæggisk	gæggsk
þū	gaggusk	gaggisk			gæggtsk	gæggtsk
hān	gaggusk	gaggisk			gæggusk	gæggisk
wīʀ	gaggumsk	gaggimsk	gaggitsk, -atsk		gæggumsk	gæggimsk	gæggitsk, -atsk
īʀ	gaggutsk	gaggitsk			gæggutsk	gæggitsk
þæiʀ	gaggunsk	gagginsk			gæggunsk	gægginsk

1: past imperative is rare

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)

	present				past
infinitive	bøygja				bøygja
participle	bøygjaddi				bøygþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	bøygjuʀ	bøygiʀ	bøyg		bøygþu	bøygþi	bøygþ
þū	bøygjuʀ	bøygiʀ			bøygþu	bøygþi
hān	bøygjuʀ	bøygiʀ			bøygþu	bøygþi
wīʀ	bøygjum	bøygim	bøygiþ, -aþ		bøygþum	bøygþim	bøygþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	bøygjuþ	bøygiþ			bøygþuþ	bøygþiþ
þæiʀ	bøygjun	bøygin			bøygþun	bøygþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	bøygjusk	bøygisk	bøygsk		bøygþusk	bøygþisk	bøygtsk
þū	bøygjusk	bøygisk			bøygþusk	bøygþisk
hān	bøygjusk	bøygisk			bøygþusk	bøygþisk
wīʀ	bøygjumsk	bøygimsk	bøygitsk, -atsk		bøygþumsk	bøygþimsk	bøygþitsk, -atsk
īʀ	bøygjutsk	bøygitsk			bøygþutsk	bøygþitsk
þæiʀ	bøygjunsk	bøyginsk			bøygþunsk	bøygþinsk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	hafa				hafþa
participle	hafaddi				hafþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	hafuʀ	hafiʀ	haf		hafþu	hafþi	hafþ
þū	hafuʀ	hafiʀ			hafþu	hafþi
hān	hafuʀ	hafiʀ			hafþu	hafþi
wīʀ	hafum	hafim	hafiþ, -aþ		hafþum	hafþim	hafþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	hafuþ	hafiþ			hafþuþ	hafþiþ
þæiʀ	hafun	hafin			hafþun	hafþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	hafusk	hafisk	hafsk		hafþusk	hafþisk	hafþsk
þū	hafusk	hafisk			hafþusk	hafþisk
hān	hafusk	hafisk			hafþusk	hafþisk
wīʀ	hafumsk	hafimsk	hafitsk, -atsk		hafþumsk	hafþimsk	hafþitsk, -atsk
īʀ	hafutsk	hafitsk			hafþutsk	hafþitsk
þæiʀ	hafunsk	hafinsk			hafþunsk	hafþinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	wæsa				wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle	wæsaddi				wāʀtăʀ, wāstăʀ⁴
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
æk	æm, wæsăʀ²	wæsi	wæs		wāʀu, wās⁴	wāʀi	wāʀ
þū	æst, wæsăʀ²	wæsi			wāʀt, wāst⁴	wāʀt
hān	æs, wæsăʀ²	wæsi			wāʀu, wās⁴	wāʀi
wīʀ	(w)æsum³	wæsim	wæsið, -að		wāʀum	wāʀim	wāʀið, -að
īʀ	(w)æsuð³	wæsið			wāʀuð	wāʀið
þæiʀ	(w)æsun³	wæsin			wāʀun	wāʀin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative
æk	—	—	—		—	—	—
þū	—	—			—	—
hān	—	—			—	—
wīʀ	—	—	—		—	—	—
īʀ	—	—			—	—
þæiʀ	—	—			—	—

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

The regularized wæs- root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with wāʀ- retained for the past)

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2	twæi(ʀ)
3	þrīʀ
4	fæþwiʀ
5	*fæmf
6	sæks
7	*sævu(n)
8	*āhtu(n)?
9	*n(j)u(n)
10	*t(j)u(n)

Positive inflection of énj

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	énj	étt	éní	én
accusative	énā	étt	éna	én
dative	éni	éni	énū	énū
genitive	énis	énis	énūs	énūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	—	—	—	—
accusative	—	—	—	—
dative	—	—	—	—
genitive	—	—	—	—

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinþi
2	twæiþi
3	þrīþi
4	fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5	fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6	sæhti
7	*sæfti
8	atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9	*ny(n)þi
10	*ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	eudăʀ
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nas
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga
4	water	vatn	watn	watn
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munðʀ (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munðăʀ (river) mynði (river) ósăʀ
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blōð
8	bone	bein	bēn	bæin
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þū
10	root
11	to come (move)
12	breast
13	rain
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	æk
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	nafn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nāt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spā¹, tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	én(?)	æin
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hān (m/f) þat (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskăʀ
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	eigi (verbal) -at	æigi, æi (verbal) -(a)t
57	good
58	to know
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil	n
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	feldăʀ (animal) skinð³ (general) hūðăʀ (human)
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglăʀ
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ī	ī
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
2. a form with a-umlaut.
3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.