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Old Swuntsim: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit | Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Noun classes==== | |||
Sacred Swutsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows: | |||
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' = humans, spirits | |||
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' = animals and other things that move on their own | |||
#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow | |||
#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest' | |||
#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' = roughly round, compact objects | |||
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices | |||
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' = places, locations, slots | |||
#''gu-'', pl. ''n-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | |||
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | |||
#''t-'' = abstractions, manner, way | |||
#''t’im-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns | |||
#''pda-'' = -ness, -hood | |||
In Sacred Swutsim, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have: | |||
*Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swutsim) | |||
*Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys) | |||
*Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swutsim) | |||
*Type D: SG/PL-marking only | |||
*Type E: No concords at all | |||
====Cases==== | |||
*Nominative: ''-0'' | |||
*Genitive: ''-s'' | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Noun class prefixes==== | |||
*I = ''kʷə-'' | |||
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-'' | |||
*we = ''wə-'' | |||
*you (pl) = ''cu-'' | |||
*Noun class prefixes: | |||
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | |||
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | |||
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' | |||
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | |||
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' | |||
*#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | |||
*#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | |||
*#''gu-'', pl. ''n-'' | |||
*#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | |||
*#''t-'', no plural | |||
*#''t’im-'', no plural | |||
*#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | |||
====Tense affixes==== | |||
''-s'' - past tense | |||
===Numbers=== | |||
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not. | |||
1: *-an | |||
2: *-xʷiš | |||
3: *-ʔiyəm | |||
4: *-udzuq | |||
5: *-t'u | |||
6: *-čaydž | |||
7: *-buč'oh | |||
8: *-gwiməʔ | |||
9: *-anay | |||
10: *-kʷ'in | |||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] | |||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | [[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | ||