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(Created page with "__TOC__ <div style="width:100%; background:#ddd;"> <center> ==PIE (-4500)== Cowgill's Law Osthoff's Law Sievers's law </center> </div> <div style="column-count: 2;"> <h3>...")
 
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</div>
</div>


<div style="column-count: 2;">
<table>
<h3>Proto-Celtic (-800)</h3>
<tr>
 
<td>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Celtic consonants
|-
! Type
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Velar consonant|Velar]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2| Labial–<br>velar
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan=2|{{IPA|m}}
| colspan=2|{{IPA|n}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|({{IPA|ŋ}})
| colspan=2|({{IPA|ŋʷ}})
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|kʷ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɸ}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|l}}
| colspan=2|{{IPA|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|w}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|r}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|}
 
 
* then kʷ/p/_  (P-Celtic)
 
Vowels
* i iː
* e
* a aː
* o oː
* u uː
 
&nbsp;
 
 
--------
 
 
&nbsp;
 
<h3>Proto-Germanic (-500)</h3>
<h3>Proto-Germanic (-500)</h3>


Line 154: Line 84:
: -ǭ became -a in OHG but -e in OE
: -ǭ became -a in OHG but -e in OE
: -ōn became -ōn in OHG but -an in OE
: -ōn became -ōn in OHG but -an in OE
</div>
</td>
<td>
<h3>Proto-Celtic (-800)</h3>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proto-Celtic consonants
|-
! Type
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2|&nbsp;[[Velar consonant|Velar]]&nbsp;
! colspan=2| Labial–<br>velar
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| colspan=2|{{IPA|m}}
| colspan=2|{{IPA|n}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|({{IPA|ŋ}})
| colspan=2|({{IPA|ŋʷ}})
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|kʷ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|ɸ}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|l}}
| colspan=2|{{IPA|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|w}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2| {{IPA|r}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|}
 
 
* then kʷ/p/_  (P-Celtic)
 
Vowels
* i iː
* e
* a aː
* o oː
* u uː
</td>
</tr>
</table>


<table style="width:100%; background:#ddd;">
<table style="width:100%; background:#ddd;">
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Decision Time!
Decision Time!
* V/Ã/_NF  Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (vowel + nasal + voiceless fricative = nasal-vowel + fric.)
* V/Ã/_NF  Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (vowel + nasal + voiceless fricative = nasal-vowel + fric.)
* k/ts/_[ie]    palatalization of k
</td>
</td>
<td>
<td>
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later ɣ/j/_
later ɣ/j/_
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<center>
== Pre-1066 ==
</center>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
=== To Old English ===
* Backing and nasalization of West Germanic a and ā before a nasal consonant
* Loss of n before a spirant, resulting in lengthening and nasalization of preceding vowel
* The present and preterite plurals reduced to a single form
* A-fronting: WGmc a, ā → æ, ǣ, even in the diphthongs ai and au (see Anglo-Frisian brightening)
* palatalization of Proto-Germanic *k and *g before front vowels (but not phonemicization of palatals)
* A-restoration: æ, ǣ → a, ā under the influence of neighboring consonants
* Second fronting: OE dialects (except West Saxon) and Frisian ǣ → ē
* A-restoration: a restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the Southumbrian dialects); Frisian æu → au → Old Frisian ā/a
* OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows
* i-mutation followed by syncope; Old Frisian breaking follows
* Phonemicization of palatals and assibilation, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia
* Smoothing and back mutation
* loss of high vowels in syllable after stress
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!
! Labial
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| ({{IPA|n̥}}) {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| ({{IPA|ŋ}})
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|tʃ}} ({{IPA|dʒ}})
|
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f}} ({{IPA|v}})
| {{IPA|θ}} ({{IPA|ð}})
| {{IPA|s}} ({{IPA|z}})
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| ({{IPA|ç}})
| ({{IPA|x}} {{IPA|ɣ}})
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
| ({{IPA|l̥}}) {{IPA|l}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| ({{IPA|ʍ}}) {{IPA|w}}
|
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|colspan=2| ({{IPA|r̥}}) {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|}
</td>
<td>
=== To Middle Welsh ===
* Vː → V / _#
* ei → eː
* st → sː (with some exceptions)
* ai → ɛ
* s → ∅ / V_V
* V → ə / _(C)#, also in proclitics
* s → ∅ / x_
* {au,eu,ou} → ∅
* uː {oi,ɔː} → yː uː
* j → ð / V_
* i u → e o / _Ca
* yː → ɨ
* p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
* aː → ɔː
* a o → ei {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
* a → {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
* V → ɨ / _(C…)j(C…)#
* {a,o} → e / _(C…)i(ː)
* {a,e,o} → ei / _(C…)j
* V → ∅ / _#
* mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
* e → i / _N
* $ → h / V_ (what $ is is unclear)
* V → ∅ / _[+intertonic]
* pː tː kː → f θ x
* p t k → f θ x / {r,l}_
* ɣ → i / _C
* xt → iθ
* ɣ → i / C_V
* ɛː → ui
* ɔː → au / when stressed
* l → ɬ / _t
* w → ɡw / #_
* mp nt ŋk → m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
* ɔ → ə / #_sC
* l r → ɬ r̥ / #_
* ɣ → ə / _#
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Post-<br/>alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
!  Nasal
| {{IPA|m̥}} {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n̥}} {{IPA|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ŋ̊}} {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!  Stop
| {{IPA|p b}}
|
| {{IPA|t d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k g}}
|
|-
!  Fricative
| {{IPA|f v}}
| {{IPA|θ ð}}
| {{IPA|s z}}
| {{IPA|ɬ}} ({{IPA|ʃ}})
| ({{IPA|ç}})
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Approximant
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|(ʍ) w}}
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| {{IPA|r̥ r}}
|
|
|
|
|}


</td>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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