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== Justification ==
In the future, regional unity and pride will be seen as desirable, in order not to lose indigenous cultures and languages.  Esperanto is a fine idea, but it scrubs through many of the important differences of regions and cultures.  A slightly finer grain of distinction yields approximately 15 world languages, as seen below.  Within each zone, the Universal Language is taught and mandatory, but no one group or culture claims it as there own.  Each Universal Language is a kind of abstraction, an easy to learn language for everyone in the zone, but an artificial creation unlike natural languages.  It is a kind of neutral meeting ground, a no-man's land.  Nevertheless, for outsiders, learning a Universal Language is a gateway into grammar and vocabulary for each zone.
In the future, regional unity and pride will be seen as desirable, in order not to lose indigenous cultures and languages.  Esperanto is a fine idea, but it scrubs through many of the important differences of regions and cultures.  A slightly finer grain of distinction yields approximately 15 world languages, as seen below.  Within each zone, the Universal Language is taught and mandatory, but no one group or culture claims it as there own.  Each Universal Language is a kind of abstraction, an easy to learn language for everyone in the zone, but an artificial creation unlike natural languages.  It is a kind of neutral meeting ground, a no-man's land.  Nevertheless, for outsiders, learning a Universal Language is a gateway into grammar and vocabulary for each zone.


While implementation will take time, there can be several phases to helping promote region cooperation and ''esprit de corps''.  1) the language is taught in school electively.  Concordantly, "World English" and other attempts to make individual, natural languages which belong to a particular people group become the ''lingua franca'' of any region must stop.  2) Ph.D's and scientific journals must be written in a Universal Language.  Parallel versions in the regional language and the Universal Language are published side by side.  3) Public education and progressively public signage are written in the Universal Language.  Nothing local or indigenous is ever replaced, but anything with international reach or goals must be communicated in a Universal Language.  4) Finally, the unique writing system of each region (where it isn't already being deployed) is introduced, replacing the reign of Latin or other writing systems.
While implementation will take time, there can be several phases to helping promote region cooperation and ''esprit de corps''.  1) the language is taught in school electively.  Concordantly, "World English" and other attempts to make individual, natural languages which belong to a particular people group become the ''lingua franca'' of any region must stop.  2) Ph.D's and scientific journals must be written in a Universal Language.  Parallel versions in the regional language and the Universal Language are published side by side.  3) Public education and progressively public signage are written in the Universal Language.  Nothing local or indigenous is ever replaced, but anything with international reach or goals must be communicated in a Universal Language.  4) Finally, the unique writing system of each region (where it isn't already being deployed) is introduced, replacing the reign of Latin or other writing systems.


== Map ==
[[File:Aquatiki map.png|1000px]]
[[File:Aquatiki map.png|1000px]]


The effects of European colonization as evident as [[Intralingua]] (Romance, in blue) and [[Folksprak]] (Germanic, in red) are spread across the globe.  The dark green of [[Interslavic]] sprawls across into Asia, but, of course, the population is actually quite thin.  The bright green of [[Jalpi]] (Turkic) interweaves through Central Asia, as does the dark green-grey of [[Samboka]] (Finno-Ugric).  Returning to Europe, we see the [[Balkan]] sprachbund has its own language, as does the disputed region of the Caucasus, i.e. [[Caucas]]. 
Moving towards India, we see the former Persian Empire, in the form of [[Zens]].  Perhaps a greater degree of unity would be possible in the future, but for now, we divide the Indian sub-continent into [[Neo-Sanskrit]] and [[Dravindian]].  Continuing east, we see that Maritime Southeast Asia, and Mainland Southeast Asia each have their own language, as does the Sinosphere (CJKV).
Looking to Africa, the Middle East is united around [[Middle Semitic]], extending across the north.  The Horn of Africa has long been seen as a sprachbund, here called [[SEDES]].  An effort exists already to unite West Africa linguistically, called [[Guosa]].  Swahili is largely a Bantu-unifier, but like using English, it is not neutral.  We propose the creation of [[Kintu]].
Unlikely candidates are the Native American languages, the Qinghai sprachbund, the Celtic languages, and others.  Papua New Guinea seems to have naturally created a creole to meet this exact kind of problem, in the form of [[Tok Pisin]].
== Table ==
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|+ Universal Languages
|+ Universal Languages
Line 53: Line 64:
|-
|-
! [[Middle Semitic]]
! [[Middle Semitic]]
| [Semitisphere
| [[w:Arab world|Semitisphere]]
| 290
| 290
| The Arabics and Israeli are all designed languages, so why not design a compromise? The Syriac script is also a middle ground, and a helpful linguistic blend to incorporate.
| The Arabics and Israeli are all designed languages, so why not design a compromise? The Syriac script is also a middle ground, and a helpful linguistic blend to incorporate.
Line 98: Line 109:
|}
|}


Really unlikely candidates are the Native American languages, the Qinghai sprachbund, the Celtic languages, and others.  Papua New Guinea seems to have naturally created a creole to meet this exact kind of problem, in the form of [[Tok Pisin]]
 
 
== Swadesh ==
{| class="wikitable"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''No'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''English'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Intralingua'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Interslavic'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Folksprak'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Middle Semitic'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Dan'a'yo'''
|-
| 1||I||io||я||ᛁᛣᛣ ikk||ܐܢܐ ('ánâ)||我 ( 'a )
|-
| 2||you||tu||ты||ᛞᚢ du||ܐܢܬܐ , ܐܢܬܝ ('ántâ m ,'ántî f)||君 ( gun )
|-
| 3||he||ille||он||||ܗܘܐ (húwâ)||其人 ( ginin )
|-
| 4||we||nos||мы||||ܐܢܚܢܘ ('anáħnû)||我等 ( 'adung )
|-
| 5||you||vos||вы||||ܐܢܬܘܡ ('ántum)||君等 ( gundung )
|-
| 6||they||illes||они||||ܗܘܡ (hûm)||其人等 ( ginnindung )
|-
| 7||this||iste||Той||||ܗܙܐ (hazâ)||此 ( ce )
|-
| 8||that||illa||Той||||ܙܟܐ (zakâ)||其 ( gi )
|-
| 9||here||hic , ci, qui||ту||||ܗܘܢ (hun)||此処 ( ceco )
|-
| 10||there||illac, ibi , la||там‎||||ܗܘܢܟ (hunak)||其処 ( gico )
|-
| 11||who||qui||кто||||ܡܥܢ (mîn)||誰 ( syei )
|-
| 12||what||que||Что‎||ᚹᚪᛏ vat||ܡܢ (man)||何 ( ha )
|-
| 13||where||ubi||кдє‎||ᛇᚪᚱ var||ܐܢܐ ('enâ)||何処 ( haco )
|-
| 14||when||quando||когда‎||||ܡܬܐ (matâ)||何時 ( hasi )
|-
| 15||how||como||як‎|||| ()||如何 ( nyoha )
|-
| 16||not||non , ne||нє‎||||ܠܐ (lâ)||不 ( bot )
|-
| 17||all||tote||||||ܟܘܠ (kol)||皆 ( gye )
|-
| 18||many||multe|||||| ()||多 ( da )
|-
| 19||some||alicun||||||ܟܡܐ (kamâ)||某 ( mou )
|-
| 20||few||poc|||||| ()||少 ( sou )
|-
| 21||other||altere|||||| ()||他 ( ta )
|-
| 22||one||un||Един||ᛖᚾ en||ܘܚܕ m , ܘܚܕܐ (waħad, waħdâ)||一 ( 'it )
|-
| 23||two||duo||два‎||ᛏᚹᛖ tve||ܫܢܝܡ (šanayim)||二 ( nii )
|-
| 24||three||tres||три‎||ᛞᚱᛁ dri||ܫܠܫ (šalaš)||三 ( sam )
|-
| 25||four||quatro||||ᚠᛁᛖᚱ fir||ܐܪܒܥ ('arbʕ)||四 ( sii )
|-
| 26||five||cinque||||ᚠᛁᛗ fim||ܚܡܤܐ (ħamsâ)||五 ( 'o )
|-
| 27||big||grande||||ᚷᚱᚩᛏ grot||ܟܒܝܪ (kabir)||太 ( dai )
|-
| 28||long||longe||||ᛚᚪᚾᚷ lang|| ()||長 ( jang )
|-
| 29||wide||large||||ᛒᚱᛖᛞ bred||ܪܚܒ (raḥab)||広 ( gwang )
|-
| 30||thick||spisse|||||| ()||厚 ( hou )
|-
| 31||heavy||pesante|||||| ()||重 ( cong )
|-
| 32||small||parve|||||| ()||小 ( so )
|-
| 33||short||curte||||||ܩܨܪ (qaṣar)||短 ( dwan )
|-
| 34||narrow||stricte|||||| ()||狹 ( hap )
|-
| 35||thin||||||||ܪܩܝܩܐ (raqîqâ)||薄 ( bak )
|-
| 36||woman||femina|||||| ()||女人 ( nyonin )
|-
| 37||man (adult male)||viro|||||| ()||男人 ( namnin )
|-
| 38||man (human being)||homine||||ᛗᛖᚾᚳ menc||ܐܢܣܢܐ ('ensanâ)||人 ( nin )
|-
| 39||child||infante||||ᛣᛁᚾᛞ||ܘܠܕܐ (waladâ)||児子 ( 'eiji )
|-
| 40||wife||marita , sposa||||ᚠᚱᚩᚢ||||妻 ( cei )
|-
| 41||husband||marito , sposo||||||||丈夫 ( jangbu )
|-
| 42||mother||matre||Матка||||||母親 ( moucin )
|-
| 43||father||patre||||||||父親 ( bucin )
|-
| 44||animal||animal||||ᛞᛁᚱ dir|||| {{Ruby|{{C|動物}}|ㄉㄛㄥㄇㄨㆵ}}
|-
| 45||fish||pisce||||ᚠᛁᛋᛣ fisk||||魚 ( 'yo )
|-
| 46||bird||ave||||||||鳥 ( cou )
|-
| 47||dog||can||||ᚻᚢᚾᛞ hund||||犬 ( kwen )
|-
| 48||louse||pediculo||||ᛚᚢᛋ lus||||虱 ( sit )
|-
| 49||snake||serpente||||||||蛇 ( ta )
|-
| 50||worm||verme||||||||蠕虫 ( nujung )
|-
| 51||tree||arbore||||||||木 ( mok )
|-
| 52||forest||foreste||||||||森林 ( simlim )
|-
| 53||stick||baston||||||||棍棒 ( honbang )
|-
| 54||fruit||fructo||||ᚠᚱᚢᛉᛏ fruxt||||果実 ( gwasit )
|-
| 55||seed||semine||||||||種子 ( jongji )
|-
| 56||leaf||folio||||||||葉 ( 'yop ) }
|-
| 57||root||radice||||||||根 ( gan )
|-
| 58||bark||cortice||||||||樹皮 ( subi )
|-
| 59||flower||flor||||ᛒᛚᚢᛗ blum||||草花 ( cauhwa )
|-
| 60||grass||herba||||ᚷᚱᚪᛋ gras||||草 ( cau )
|-
| 61||rope||corda||||||||縄 ( jing )
|-
| 62||skin||cute, pelle||||||||皮膚 ( bipu )
|-
| 63||meat||carne||||||||肉 ( nuk )
|-
| 64||blood||sanguine||||||||血 ( hwet )
|-
| 65||bone||osso||||||||骨 ( got )
|-
| 66||fat||grassia||||||||脂肪 ( jiipang )
|-
| 67||egg||ovo||||||||卵子 ( lanji )
|-
| 68||horn||corno||||ᚻᚩᚱᚾ horn||||角 ( gok )
|-
| 69||tail||cauda||||||||尾 ( mui )
|-
| 70||feather||pluma, penna||||||||羽毛 ( 'umau )
|-
| 71||hair||pilo, capillo||||||||頭髮 ( toupat )
|-
| 72||head||capite||||||||頭 ( tou )
|-
| 73||ear||aure||||||||耳 ( ni )
|-
| 74||eye||oculo||||||||目 ( muk )
|-
| 75||nose||naso||||||||鼻 ( bi )
|-
| 76||mouth||bucca, ore||||||||口 ( kou )
|-
| 77||tooth||dente||||||||歯 ( ci ) , 長牙 ( jang'a )
|-
| 78||tongue||lingua||||||||舌 ( set )
|-
| 79||fingernail||ungula||||||||指甲 ( jiigap )
|-
| 80||foot||pede||||||||足 ( jok )
|-
| 81||leg||gamba||||||||腳 ( gyak )
|-
| 82||knee||genu||||||||膝 ( sit )
|-
| 83||hand||mano||||ᚻᚪᚾᛞ hand||||手 ( syu )
|-
| 84||wing||ala||||||||羽翼 ( 'u'ik )
|-
| 85||belly||ventre||||||||腹 ( buk )
|-
| 86||guts||tripas||||||||腸管 ( canggwan )
|-
| 87||neck||collo||||||||頸 ( ging )
|-
| 88||back||dorso||||||||背 ( boi )
|-
| 89||breast||pectore||||||||胸部 ( hyongbou )
|-
| 90||heart||corde||||||||心臓 ( simjang )
|-
| 91||liver||ficato, hepato||||||||肝臓 ( ganjang )
|-
| 92||drink||biber||||||||飲 ( 'um )
|-
| 93||eat||mangiar||||||||食 ( sik )
|-
| 94||bite||morder||||||||咬 ( 'yau )
|-
| 95||suck||suger||||||||吸 ( hip )
|-
| 96||spit||sputar||||||||吐 ( to )
|-
| 97||vomit||vomitar||||||||吐 ( to )
|-
| 98||blow||sufflar||||||||吹 ( cui )
|-
| 99||breathe||respirar||||||||
|-
| 100||laugh||rider||||||||笑 ( syou )
|-
| 101||see||vider||||||||見 ( gyen )
|-
| 102||hear||audir||||||||聞 ( mun )
|-
| 103||know||saper||||||||知 ( jui )
|-
| 104||think||pensar||||||||思考 ( sakau )
|-
| 105||smell||olfacer||||||||嗅 ( hyu )
|-
| 106||fear||timer||||||||恐怖 ( kongpo )
|-
| 107||sleep||dormir||||||||寝 ( cim )
|-
| 108||live||viver||||||||生活 ( sanghwat )
|-
| 109||die||morir||||||||死亡 ( siimang )
|-
| 110||kill||occidar||||||||殺 ( sat )
|-
| 111||fight||luctar||||||||戦闘 ( jendou )
|-
| 110||hunt||chassar||||||||猟 ( lop )
|-
| 113||hit (beat)||colpar||||||||打撃 ( dagek )
|-
| 114||cut||secar||||||||切 ( cet )
|-
| 115||split||finder||||||||分裂 ( bunlet )
|-
| 116||stab||dagar||||||||刺 ( cik )
|-
| 117||scratch||grattar||||||||掻 ( sau )
|-
| 118||dig||foder||||||||掘 ( gut )
|-
| 119||swim||natar||||||||泳 ( 'wing )
|-
| 120||fly||volar||||||||飛行 ( pihang )
|-
| 121||walk||ambular, promenar se||||||||散歩 ( sanbo )
|-
| 122||come||venir||||||||来 ( lai )
|-
| 123||lie||jacer||||||||臥 ( 'wa )
|-
| 124||sit||seder||||||||坐 ( jwa )
|-
| 125||stand||star||||||||立 ( lip )
|-
| 126||turn||tornar||||||||回転 ( hoijwen )
|-
| 127||fall||cader||||||||落下 ( lakha )
|-
| 128||give||dar||||||||送 ( song )
|-
| 129||hold||tener||||||||持 ( di )
|-
| 130||squeeze||premer||||||||捻 ( nep )
|-
| 131||rub||fricar||||||||擦 ( cat )
|-
| 132||wash||lavar||||||||洗 ( sen )
|-
| 133||wipe||essugar||||||||擦拭 ( catsik )
|-
| 134||pull||tirar||||||||引 ( 'in )
|-
| 135||push||pulsar||||||||推 ( cui )
|-
| 136||throw||jectar||||||||投 ( dou )
|-
| 137||tie||ligar||||||||結 ( get )
|-
| 138||sew||suer||||||||縫製 ( bongje )
|-
| 139||count||contar||||||||計数 ( geisu )
|-
| 140||say||dicer||||||||言 ( 'en )
|-
| 141||sing||cantar||||||||唱歌 ( cangga )
|-
| 142||play||jocar||||||||遊戯 ( 'yuuhui )
|-
| 143||float||flottar||||||||浮 ( buu )
|-
| 144||flow||fluer||||||||流動 ( lyudong )
|-
| 145||freeze||gelar||||||||凍結 ( dongget )
|-
| 146||swell||tumer||||||||膨脹 ( pangcang )
|-
| 147||sun||sol||||||||太陽 ( tai'yang )
|-
| 148||moon||luna||||||||月 ( 'wet )
|-
| 149||star||stella||||||||星 ( seng )
|-
| 150||water||aqua||||||||水 ( su )
|-
| 151||rain||pluvia||||||||雨 ( 'u )
|-
| 152||river||fluvio||||||||川 ( cen )
|-
| 153||lake||laco||||||||湖 ( ho )
|-
| 154||sea||mar||||||||海洋 ( hai'yang )
|-
| 155||salt||sal||||||||塩 ( 'yem )
|-
| 156||stone||petra||||||||石頭 ( sektou )
|-
| 157||sand||arena, sablo||||||||沙 ( sa )
|-
| 158||dust||pulvere||||||||灰塵 ( hoijin )
|-
| 159||earth||terra||||||||土 ( to )
|-
| 160||cloud||nube||||||||雲 ( 'un )
|-
| 161||fog||nebula||||||||霧 ( mu )
|-
| 162||sky||celo||||||||天 ( ten )
|-
| 163||wind||vento||||||||風 ( pung )
|-
| 164||snow||nive||||||||雪 ( swet )
|-
| 165||ice||glacie||||||||氷水 ( bingsu )
|-
| 166||smoke||fumo||||||||煙 ( 'en )
|-
| 167||fire||foco||||||||火 ( hwa )
|-
| 168||ash||cineres||||||||灰 ( hoi )
|-
| 169||burn||arder||||||||燃焼 ( nensyou )
|-
| 170||road||strata||||||||道路 ( daulo )
|-
| 171||mountain||montania||||||||山 ( san )
|-
| 172||red||rubie||||||||紅 ( hong ) 赤 ( cek )
|-
| 173||green||verde||||||||緑 ( lok )
|-
| 174||yellow||jalne||||||||黄 ( hwang )
|-
| 175||white||blanc||||||||白 ( bak )
|-
| 176||black||nigre||||||||黒 ( huk )
|-
| 177||night||nocte||||||||夜 ( 'ya )
|-
| 178||day||die||||||||日 ( nit )
|-
| 179||year||anno||||||||年 ( nen )
|-
| 180||warm||calide||||||||暖 ( nan )
|-
| 181||cold||frigide||||||||冷 ( lang )
|-
| 182||full||plen||||||||満 ( man )
|-
| 183||new||nove||||||||新 ( sin )
|-
| 184||old||vetere||||||||老 ( lau )
|-
| 185||good||bon||||||||好 ( hau )
|-
| 186||bad||mal||||||||悪 ( 'ak )
|-
| 187||rotten||corrupte||||||||腐敗 ( pubai )
|-
| 188||dirty||immunde||||||||汚 ( 'o )
|-
| 189||straight||recte||||||||直 ( jik )
|-
| 190||round||ronde||||||||圓 ( 'wen )
|-
| 191||sharp||acute||||||||鋭利 ( 'yelii )
|-
| 192||dull||obtuse||||||||鈍 ( don )
|-
| 193||smooth||lisie||||||||滑 ( got )
|-
| 194||wet||humide||||||||湿 ( sip )
|-
| 195||dry||sic||||||||干燥 ( gansau )
|-
| 196||correct||correcte||||||||正 ( jing )
|-
| 197||near||proxime||||||||近 ( gin )
|-
| 198||far||distante||||||||遠 ( 'on )
|-
| 199||right||dextre||||||||右側 ( 'yujik )
|-
| 200||left||sinistre||||||||左側 ( jajik )
|-
| 201||at||a , in||||||||於 ( 'o )
|-
| 202||in||in||||||||於 ( 'o )
|-
| 203||with||con||||||||共 ( gyong )
|-
| 204||and||e||||||||与 ( 'yo ) , 而 ( ni )
|-
| 205||if||si||||||||若 ( nya )
|-
| 206||because||proque||||||||因由 ( 'inyuu )
|-
| 207||name||{{Dict|nomine}}||{{Dict|име}}||{{Rune|{{C|ᚾᚪᛗ}}}} ||||{{Ruby|{{C|名}}|ㄇㄧㄥ}}
|}
 
== WALS ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="5" | Europe
! colspan="2" | India
! colspan="3" | East Asia
! colspan="4" | Africa
! colspan="3" | Central Asia
|-
! !! {{Rune|[[Folksprak|ᚠᛋ]]}} !! [[Intralingua|IL]] !! [[Interslavic|слов]] !! [[Balkan| Βαλκ]] !! [[Samboka|Sam]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Dravindian|Drav]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Neo-Sanskrit|NSS]] !! [[Dan'a'yo|単]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Indo-Malaysian|IM]] !! <small>[[User:Aquatiki/MSEAL|MSEAL]]</small> !! [[Guosa|Guo]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Kintu|K]] !! <small>[[User:Aquatiki/SEDES|SEDES]]</small> !! [[Middle Semitic|MS]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Zens|Zens]] !! [[Jalpi]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Caucas|კავ]]
|-
! <abbr title="Arm vs Hand, # of words WALS 129A">arm</abbr>
| {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|1}} || {{Yes|2}} ||  {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|1}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || || {{No|1}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|1}} || {{Yes|2}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Word Order (predominant) WALS 81A">WO</abbr>
| {{Some|V2}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || || {{Some|VSO}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}}
|-
! <abbr title="Evidentiality (marked on verb) WALS 7">Ev.</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! <abbr title="Number of grammatical cases">Ca.</abbr>
| {{Some|pro}} || {{Some|pro}} || {{Yes|6}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{Yes|16}} || {{Yes|8}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|7}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Relative clause word order - post, ante, correlative">RC</abbr>
| {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|p}} || {{Some|c}} || {{No|a}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|a}}
|-
! <abbr title="Gender, number of">G</abbr>
| {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || || {{No|0}} || || {{Some|10}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}}
|-
! <abbr title="Tone or Pitch Accent">TPA</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|PA}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Definite Article WALS 37">DA</abbr>
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || || {{No}} || || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Indefinite Article WALS 38">IA</abbr>
| {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Clusivity">Clu</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! <abbr title="Typological grouping - Isolating, Fusional, Agglutinating">Typ</abbr>
| {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}}
|-
! <abbr title="Perfective/Imperfective mod is a verbal affix/conjugation">PI</abbr>
| || {{Some}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Some}}
|-
! <abbr title="Reduplication (full or partial) is a productive part of the grammar WALS 27">Red</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||  {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
! <abbr title="Vowels, number of, counting nasal, length, etc.">Vow</abbr>
| {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}}  || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Some|8}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|8}} || {{No|6}}
|-
! <abbr title="Gemination of consonants, beyond marginally">Gem</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! <abbr title="Stress for the clause/utterance is defined by Left/Right edge.  No means weight-based">Str</abbr>
| || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|L}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! <abbr title="Morphosyntactic Alignment">MSA</abbr>
| {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Spl}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Tri}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{No|Erg}}
|-
! <abbr title="Tu-Vous Distinction or more politeness">TV</abbr>
| || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! <abbr title="Possessive Affixes attach to nouns">PA</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
! <abbr title="Polar Question Particle - no means verb form">PQP</abbr>
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
! <abbr title="Future is a verbal affix">Fut</abbr>
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! <abbr title="Negation Particle - VA is for verbal affix; auxiliary verb">NP</abbr>
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|aux}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No|VA}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}}
|}
 
Additionally, only the languages of India have '''breathy consonants''', only AM and MSEAL have '''obligatory subjects''', and only Caucas has '''labialized velars'''.  Only East Asian languages have '''classifiers'''.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


[[Category:Universal Languages]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
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