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Suwáá/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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This article covers High | This article covers High Sowaár morphology. | ||
There are five main parts of speech in | There are five main parts of speech in Sowaár: | ||
*nouns | *nouns | ||
*determiners | *determiners | ||
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==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
High | High Sowaár has singular, dual and plural numbers. Outside of High and Classical Sowaár, the dual is only found in some isolated dialects. | ||
Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | ||
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===Relational nouns=== | ===Relational nouns=== | ||
Sowaár uses relational nouns instead of adpositions. | |||
*''od'' 'in, at' | *''od'' 'in, at' | ||
**khod, mod, wod, yod, gyood, jod, booñd, jhod, olod, dod | **khod, mod, wod, yod, gyood, jod, booñd, jhod, olod, dod | ||
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*'mother': kheemám, méemám, weemám, gyeemám, jemám, boomám, jheemám, óleemám, deemám, 'a'eemám | *'mother': kheemám, méemám, weemám, gyeemám, jemám, boomám, jheemám, óleemám, deemám, 'a'eemám | ||
*'father': khány, mány, wány, gyeény, jány, baány, jhány, ólany, dány, 'a'ány | *'father': khány, mány, wány, gyeény, jány, baány, jhány, ólany, dány, 'a'ány | ||
*'son': kha' | *'son': kha'ír, mé'ir, wa'ír, gyeé'ir, je'ír, boñ'ír, jhé'ir, ólo'ír, da'ír, 'a'ír | ||
*'daughter': khájiil, méjiil, wájiil, gyeéjiil, jéjiil, bojiil, jhéjiil, ólojiil, dájiil, 'ájiil | *'daughter': khájiil, méjiil, wájiil, gyeéjiil, jéjiil, bojiil, jhéjiil, ólojiil, dájiil, 'ájiil | ||
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===TAM inflection=== | ===TAM inflection=== | ||
:''For a complete list of High | :''For a complete list of High Sowaár verbal ablaut paradigms, see [[Sowaár/Ablaut classes]].'' | ||
A characteristic feature of | A characteristic feature of Sowaár verbs is stem ablaut in various TAM and voice forms, involving stem vowel changes, consonant gradation, reduplication, and infixes. These paradigms tend to be quite complex. Most Sowaár lects have a fixed (large) number of regular ablaut classes. The number of ablaut paradigms, and which verb stems fall into which ablaut classes, depends on the lect. High Sowaár has 57 classes. | ||
*Tenses: present, past | *Tenses: present, past | ||
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*I fall in love with you (inceptive) = ''lisjhódagy'' | *I fall in love with you (inceptive) = ''lisjhódagy'' | ||
There are two different imperative forms: the modern imperative form, and the archaic Classical imperative form. In | There are two different imperative forms: the modern imperative form, and the archaic Classical imperative form. In Sowaár the two forms are called "requesting form" and "commanding form", respectively, because the modern one originated from a polite request form. The Classical imperative form is used in poetry, prayers, and in ceremonial situations such as in legal language. | ||
===Personal affixes=== | ===Personal affixes=== | ||
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===Voice=== | ===Voice=== | ||
As | As Sowaár morphosyntactic alignment is hierarchical alignment, verbs do not have a canonical voice. Instead there are detransitivizers and transitivizers. | ||
Here are the morphological voices: | Here are the morphological voices: | ||
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===Discourse affixes=== | ===Discourse affixes=== | ||
Sowaár lects use discourse verbal affixes to reflect the speaker's attitude, degree of surprise, or other things; not using them may come across as clinical, stilted, or overly posh. High Sowaár normally uses discourse affixes less often than do other Sowaár lects, and uses "degree of surprise" affixes more frequently than attitudinal affixes. On average, female High Sowaár speakers use attitudinal affixes more frequently than male speakers. | |||
Poetic High | Poetic High Sowaár may use archaic discourse affixes used in Classical Sowaár. | ||
*INTERROGATIVE: -'é | *INTERROGATIVE: -'é | ||
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===Incorporation=== | ===Incorporation=== | ||
Incorporation is no longer productive in High | Incorporation is no longer productive in High Sowaár and is considered a poetic device. | ||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||