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Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions
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Modal particles | Modal particles | ||
These particles give information concerning the likeliness, the degree to which an action is performed | These particles give information concerning the likeliness, the degree to which an action is performed and conjunction. | ||
The table gives an overview: | The table gives an overview: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!suffix !! meaning !! example !! translation | |||
|-ya ||already || bukíya || [I have read] the book already | |||
|- | |||
||-le ||completely, the whole; not at all [negated] || ? || ? | |||
|- | |||
||-ti || almost || Flapȁmiftì šitsilí || He almost hit the girl | |||
|- | |||
||-no || yet / not yet [negated] || Nobhukkedébno || I have not yet read the book. | |||
|- | |||
||-(g)ee || and || Petéer Páulee || Peter and Paul | |||
|- | |||
||-(g)ee ... -(g)ee || both ... and ... || Petéeree Páulee || both Peter and Paul | |||
|- | |||
||-(g)uu || or || Petéer Páuluu || Peter or Paul | |||
|- | |||
||-(g)uu ... -(g)uu || either ... or ... ||Petéeruu Páuluu || either Peter or Paul | |||
|- | |||
||-(g)ii || too, also || Petéerii || Peter, too | |||
|- | |||
||-ba || maybe, perheps || Möyyufálembà. || Maybe you can help him. | |||
|- | |||
||-fe || in deed, factually || ? || ? | |||
|- | |||
||-le || possibly || ? || ? | |||
|- | |||
||-sä || as if || ? || ? | |||
|- | |||
||-bo/-so || little, not much || Nollärnȁbdäälbo. || I did not study much yesterday. | |||
|- | |||
||-ni || some || Lärnȁbdäälni. || I did learn something yesterday (not little nor much). | |||
|- | |||
||-mö || much || Mittidȁmväägmö|| Last week he ate much meat. | |||
|- | |||
||-tu || too much || ? || ? | |||
|- | |||
||-mu || extreme || fit grandíikmu || an extrem big fish | |||
||-ve || very || váad koldíikve || very cold water | |||
|- | |||
||-te || only || kaf balíte || [I take] only one coffee | |||
|} | |||
If more than one suffix will be used, then there is a hierachy of suffixes: | |||
1. completion of action/time information [-ya | -no | -le | -ti] | |||
2. emphasis [-te | -ve] | |||
3. likelyhood [-ba | -fe | -la | -sä] | |||
4. degree of completion [-bo/-so | -ni | -mö | -mu | -tu] | |||
5. conjunction [-(g)uu | -(g)ee | -(g)ii ] | |||
The particle meaning "but" does belong to this category but it varies, according to the dialects: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! dialect !! suffix !! etymology !! example | |||
|- | |||
| North || -lua / -lwa || < Inuktitut ''*-(C)aluaq'' || Viyyufȁbeflua! But I wanted to help her! | |||
|- | |||
|| South/East || -bä/-be || < vo. ''*ab'' [through methasis and differentiation || Viyyufȁbefbä! / Viyyufȁbefbe! | |||
|- | |||
|| West/Central || -xa || < Old Irish ''*acht'' || Viyyufȁbefxa! But I wanted to help her! | |||
|} | |||
===''Slot XI''=== | ===''Slot XI''=== | ||