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'''Brusing''' ('' | '''Brusing''' (''Brūsingisca taca'' /brùːsɪŋgiska tàka/) is an [[Oselo-Bruso-Thedic]] language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
assign tone | |||
*tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term | *tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Brusing nouns had 6 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and locative. | |||
====o-stems==== | ====o-stems==== | ||
'' | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''wèlg'' 'wolf (m.)' (< {{recon|wḷkʷós}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''wèlg''||''wèlge'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wèlges''||''wèlgan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wèlge''||''wèlgum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''wèlg'' ||''wèlgu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''wèlget'' ||''wèlges'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''wèlge'' ||''wèlgus'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''þánd'' 'child (n.)' (< {{recon|ǵénh₁tom}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''þánd''||''þánda'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''þándes''||''þándan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''þánde''||''þándum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''þánd'' ||''þánda'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''þándet'' ||''þándes'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''þánde'' ||''þándus'' | |||
|} | |||
====eh2-stems==== | ====eh2-stems==== | ||
====i-stems==== | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
==== | |+ ''árda'' 'earth (f.)' (< *h₁érteh₂) | ||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''árda''||''árdas'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''árdas''||''árdan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''árde''||''árdum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''árda'' ||''árdu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''árde'' ||''árdes'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''árde'' ||''árdus'' | |||
|} | |||
====i- and u-stems==== | |||
The i-stems and u-stems merge in Classical Brusing. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''bǣ́d'' (m.) 'ruler'; later 'tyrant, despot' (< {{recon|potis}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''bǣd''||''bǣdus'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''bǣdus''||''bǣdian'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''bǣdu''||''bǣdum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''bǣd'' ||''bǣdi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''bǣdus'' ||''bǣdis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''bǣdu'' ||''bǣdis'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''glṓst'' 'load (f.)' (< {{recon|*kleh₂-s-tus}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''glōst''||''glōstus'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''glōstus''||''glōstian'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''glōstu''||''glōstum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''glōst'' ||''glōsti'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''glōstus'' ||''glōstis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''glōstu'' ||''glōstis'' | |||
|} | |||
====ih2-stems==== | |||
wǣsti (POBT wostiyā) = clothing | |||
====n-stems==== | ====n-stems==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''nā́ma'' 'name (n.)' (< POBT {{recon|nomṇ}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''nāma''||''nāmana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''nǣmanas''||''nāmanan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''nǣmunu''||''nāmunum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''nāma'' ||''nāmana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''nǣmanas'' ||''nāmanis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''nǣmane'' ||''nāmanis'' | |||
|} | |||
Likewise: wāta 'water', ðarta 'heart' | |||
====Athematics==== | ====Athematics==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''pérc'' 'city (f.)' (< {{recon|bʰṛgʰs}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''perc''||''percas'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''percas''||''percan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''percu''||''percum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''perca'' ||''percas'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''percas'' ||''percis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''perce'' ||''percus'' | |||
|} | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
ec, dū, is/ia/id, wīs, jūs, ūi/ias/īa | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness. | |||
The following is the inflection of ''cāt'' 'good', from PIE *gʰōdʰ-os. When a box shows three forms, the forms are in the order masculine, feminine, neuter. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; indefinite declension | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cāte''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cāta'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''cātes''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cātes''||''cātan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''cāte''||''cātum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cātu''<br/>''cātu''<br/>''cāta'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''cātet''<br/>''cāte''<br/>''cātet''||''cātes'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''cāte'' ||''cātus'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; definite declension | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''cāta''||''cātunus''<br/>''cātunus''<br/>''cātana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''cātanas''||''cātanan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''cātunu''||''cātunum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''cātana''<br/>''cātana''<br/>''cāta''||''cātani''<br/>''cātani''<br/>''cātana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''cātanas''||''cātanis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''cātane'' ||''cātanis'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing. | Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing. | ||
Verbs are negated by prefixing ''na-''. | Verbs are negated by prefixing ''na-''. (TODO: sandhi) | ||
Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future. | Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future. | ||
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====Athematics==== | ====Athematics==== | ||
====e/o-thematics==== | ====e/o-thematics==== | ||
'' | ''spáðan'' 'to see' | ||
*Present: | *Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand | ||
*Imperfect: aspað, | *Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer | ||
*Aorist: aspās, aspāst, aspās, | *Aorist: aspās, aspāst, aspās, aspassum, aspassad, aspasser | ||
*Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, | *Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer | ||
*Future: | *Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand | ||
*Imperative: -, spað, spastu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu | |||
*Imperative: -, spað, | |||
====eh2-verbs==== | ====eh2-verbs==== | ||
====yé-verbs==== | ====yé-verbs==== | ||
====éye-verbs==== | ====éye-verbs==== | ||
'' | ''tā̀rajan'' 'to pain, to grieve' | ||
*Present: '' | *Present: ''tārajem, tārajas, tārajad, tārajum, tārajad, tārajand'' | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
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===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
[[Category:Lõis]] | [[Category:Lõis]] | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category:Stem-Germanic]] |
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