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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''ạ̉hgaa'' | ||
|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː] | |pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː] | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' ('' | '''Ash''' (''ạ̉hgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜/}} | | {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜ ŋ~˜/}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| a | | a | ||
| e | | e | ||
| y | | y | ||
| o | | o | ||
| w | | w | ||
| b | | b | ||
| d | | d | ||
| g | | g | ||
| l | | l | ||
| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| | | m | ||
| n | |||
| ŋ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop. Dot below (e.g. '''ạ''') signifies otherwise ambiguous stress. An apostrophe ('''’''') is placed before a syllabic consonant. | |||
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|// | | {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈuʔ.t͡si//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ | | → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwuʔ.t͡si/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ | | → {{IPA|[ˈʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}} | ||
| → '' | | → ''ẻhhodse'' "hungry" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Clusters=== | ===Clusters=== | ||
Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate as well as word-finally, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | ||
* A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | * A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | ||
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| {{IPA|[ħ.P]}} | | {{IPA|[ħ.P]}} | ||
| {{IPA|[ʔ.P͡F]}} | | {{IPA|[ʔ.P͡F]}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ʔ. | | {{IPA|/ʔ.ᴮN/}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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===Laterals=== | ===Laterals=== | ||
The lateral affricate {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate {{IPA|/t͡s/}} but is | The lateral affricate {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate {{IPA|/t͡s/}} but is not always produced as a fricative, but sometimes also as an approximant. In contexts where the affrication remains, regardless of voicing, so does the frication, i.e. {{IPA|[t͡ɬ~d͡ɮ]}}. In leniting contexts the realisation depends on the environment, remaining a fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}} in a voiceless environment while defaulting to a pure lateral approximant {{IPA|[l]}} in a voiced one, but when geminated by the absorption of a following palatal glide it assimilates to it as {{IPA|[ʎ̥]}}. | ||
===Syllabification=== | ===Syllabification=== | ||
In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by | In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by an apostrophe '''’''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter. | ||
An example is the inalienable possession prefix '' | An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''n-'' becoming ''’n-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''’ndoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ảd’ndoo-'' when the direct marker ''ảh-'' is added. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="5" | Stem | ! colspan="5" | Stem | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
| | | Agency | ||
| Incorp. | | Incorp. | ||
| '''Root''' | | '''Root''' | ||
| Deriv. | | Deriv. | ||
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| Converb. | | Converb. | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Optative | ! Optative | ||
| '' | | ''oese'' | ||
{{IPA|[ | {{IPA|[ˈʊːɪ̯.ʑɪ]}} | ||
| '' | | ''oedse'' | ||
{{IPA|[ | {{IPA|[ˈo̞e̞̯ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}} | ||
| '' | | ''oedne'' | ||
{{IPA|[ | {{IPA|[ˈo̞e̞̯ʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}} | ||
| '' | | ''oesde'' | ||
{{IPA|[ | {{IPA|[ˈʊɪ̯ɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' | | colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo'''''</center> | ||
| ''oona'' | | ''oona'' | ||
| '' | | ''ooda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''oyya''</center> | ||
| ''oena'' | | ''oena'' | ||
| '' | | ''oeda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Frequentative | ! Frequentative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''odsa''</center> | ||
| '' | | ''osna'' | ||
| ''osda'' | | ''osda'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix '' | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''’mmõõ'' | ||
| ''emmõõ'' | | ''emmõõ'' | ||
| ''ommõõ'' | | ''ommõõ'' | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! Long | ||
! Short | |||
! Example | ! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ''-da'' | | ''-da'' | ||
| ''-s'' | | ''-s'' | ||
| '' | | ''’nsooda'' "where they live; by the house; at home" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| ''-wo'' | | ''-wo'', ''-go'' | ||
| ''-h'' | | ''-h'' | ||
| '' | | ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| ''-wa'' | | ''-wa'', ''-ba'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-o'' | ||
| '' | | ''eawa'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
| ''-ya'' | | ''-ya'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-e'' | ||
| '' | | ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
The shorter forms are | The shorter forms are used unstressed vowels and in a few irregular instances, and are for example always used with the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ảhba las'' "in Appa"); irregular instances include the contractions ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now". | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảhhea''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảssea''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảhhea''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảssea''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Valency=== | ===Valency=== | ||
==== | ====Agency==== | ||
Transitivity is explicitly marked and through an inversion marker on the verb the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order, the purpose of which is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires a topical marker, the details of which will be explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | Transitivity and volition are tied up in a single grammatical category termed agency. Direct agency is explicitly marked and through an inversion marker on the verb the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order, the purpose of which is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires a topical marker, the details of which will be explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | ||
{| | {| | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u> | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhheas | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX- | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻsseas | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnah ảesããs | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐħ ħɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnah ảo go ảosãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐħ ħɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ảhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ẻebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba mea<u>da</u> odsoyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmɛːɑ̯.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảhhea''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảssea''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa | | ''sãã sa ảhhea''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã sa | | ''*sãã sa ảssea''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo go <u>bahba</u> ỏhhea''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| ''<u>bahba go</u> | | ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo go <u>sãã</u> ỏhhoo''<br />"Ao was drinking water" | ||
| ''<u>sãã sa</u> | | ''<u>sãã sa</u> ảo ỏhhoo''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[ | |phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoeda]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseanas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ. | |IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ.t̠ɐħ ˈpɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.ðɐ jɪˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ħ ħɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS. | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TERM.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go | |phrase=oasya bahba go ẻsseanas no | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈɔ̯ɑɕ.ɕɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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==Locative verbs== | ==Locative verbs== | ||
An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers | An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers. | ||
These are some of those verbs: | These are some of those verbs: | ||
Line 694: | Line 681: | ||
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | | Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mea'' | ||
| ''me'' | | ''me'' | ||
| :PYR | | :PYR | ||
Line 712: | Line 699: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ʼmmõõ bo | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
Line 719: | Line 706: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ʼmmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
Line 730: | Line 717: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːo̞ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 741: | Line 728: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba go oas egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔˑʑ ɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 779: | Line 741: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sas sãã | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
Line 786: | Line 748: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sas laa | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑ̃ː] | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
Line 799: | Line 761: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo gos ʼmmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | ||
Line 814: | Line 776: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhhodses | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | |translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhhodses no | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪʑ‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=perhaps I should eat something | |translation=perhaps I should eat something | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go | |phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ʔe̞ʍˈʍo̞ʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ‿n̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or '' | Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green". | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
Line 865: | Line 807: | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] |
edits