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Maghrebi Azalic: Difference between revisions
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Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs. | Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs. | ||
===Auxiliaries=== | ===Auxiliaries=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''u'' is also used as a polite pronoun. | |||
*''Re Dovíð ngaw šun.'' = David is about to sleep. | |||
*''Biuth re Dovíð ngaw šun'' = When David is about to sleep | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}} | |||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | I | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m) | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f) | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | he/it | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | she | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | we | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | they | |||
! | Non-pronominal | |||
|- | |||
! Present (''re, r' '' is from רְאֵה ''*rVʔē'' 'look!') | |||
| ''i, ni'' | |||
| ''to'' | |||
| ''te'' | |||
| ''u'' | |||
| ''hi'' | |||
| ''nu'' | |||
| ''tem'' | |||
| ''em'' | |||
| ''re'', ''r' '' before V | |||
|- | |||
! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד) | |||
| ''ngud i'' | |||
| ''ngud to'' | |||
| ''ngud te'' | |||
| ''nguden u'' | |||
| ''nguden hi'' | |||
| ''ngud nu'' | |||
| ''ngud tem'' | |||
| ''ngud em'' | |||
| ''ngud'' | |||
|- | |||
! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word) | |||
| ''am ni, am i'' | |||
| ''am to'' | |||
| ''am te'' | |||
| ''am u'' | |||
| ''am hi'' | |||
| ''am nu'' | |||
| ''am tem'' | |||
| ''am em'' | |||
| ''am'' | |||
|- | |||
! Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do') | |||
| ''si ni, sit i, sit ni'' | |||
| ''sit to'' | |||
| ''sit te'' | |||
| ''so u'' | |||
| ''sto hi'' | |||
| ''sin nu'' | |||
| ''sit tem'' | |||
| ''su'm'' | |||
| ''so/sto'' | |||
|- | |||
! Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do') | |||
| ''ąs i'' | |||
| ''tąs to'' | |||
| ''tąs te'' | |||
| ''yąs u'' | |||
| ''tąs hi'' | |||
| ''nąs nu'' | |||
| ''tąsu tem'' | |||
| ''yąsu'm'' | |||
| ''yąs/tąs'' | |||
|- | |||
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass') | |||
| ''ur ni, ur i'' | |||
| ''tur to'' | |||
| ''tri te'' | |||
| ''yur u'' | |||
| ''tur hi'' | |||
| ''nur nu'' | |||
| ''tru tem'' | |||
| ''ru'm'' | |||
| ''yur/tur'' | |||
|- | |||
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass') | |||
| ''var ni, var i, vart i'' | |||
| ''vart to'' | |||
| ''vart te'' | |||
| ''var u'' | |||
| ''vro hi'' | |||
| ''varn nu'' | |||
| ''vart tem'' | |||
| ''vru'm'' | |||
| ''var/vro'' | |||
|- | |||
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take') | |||
| ''kekh i'' | |||
| ''tkekh to'' | |||
| ''tkekh te'' | |||
| ''kekh u'' | |||
| ''tkekh hi'' | |||
| ''kekh nu'' | |||
| ''tkekhu tem'' | |||
| ''kekhu'm'' | |||
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu'' | |||
|- | |||
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | |||
| ''usif i'' | |||
| ''tusif to'' | |||
| ''tusif te'' | |||
| ''yusif u'' | |||
| ''tusif hi'' | |||
| ''nusif nu'' | |||
| ''tusif tem'' | |||
| ''yusifu'm'' | |||
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu'' | |||
|- | |||
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | |||
| ''seft i'' | |||
| ''seft to'' | |||
| ''seft te'' | |||
| ''sif u'' | |||
| ''sifø hi'' | |||
| ''sef nu'' | |||
| ''seft tem'' | |||
| ''sifu'm'' | |||
| ''sif/sifu'' | |||
|- | |||
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') | |||
| ''zum i'' | |||
| ''tøzum to'' | |||
| ''tøzum te'' | |||
| ''zum u'' | |||
| ''tøzum hi'' | |||
| ''nøzum nu'' | |||
| ''tøzmu tem'' | |||
| ''zmu'm'' | |||
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu'' | |||
|- | |||
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | |||
| ''attev i'' | |||
| ''tattev to'' | |||
| ''tattvi te'' | |||
| ''yattev u'' | |||
| ''tattev hi'' | |||
| ''nattev nu'' | |||
| ''tattev tem'' | |||
| ''yattevu'm'' | |||
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu'' | |||
|- | |||
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | |||
| ''ettevt i'' | |||
| ''ettevt to'' | |||
| ''ettevt te'' | |||
| ''ettev u'' | |||
| ''ettivø hi'' | |||
| ''ettev nu'' | |||
| ''ettevt tem'' | |||
| ''ettevu'm'' | |||
| ''ettev'' | |||
|} | |||
=====Cautionary future===== | |||
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to: | |||
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | |||
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.' | |||
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]' | |||
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | |||
====Object pronouns==== | |||
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects. | |||
[[Category:Lõis]][[Category:Azalic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Lõis]][[Category:Azalic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]] | ||