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===Agreement=== | ===Agreement=== | ||
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, | Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient and theme are in the accusative-dative case, and the recipient is in the indirect-ablative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis. | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| tevresso ovejo | |||
| Tevrés-ACC speak-NOM.1SG | |||
| 'I speak Tevrés'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| tego jovó lla salva | |||
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.ACC.SG salva-ACC.SG | |||
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ļanan çaste llos rieles me | |||
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR | |||
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}} | |||
When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| garina querel | |||
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG | |||
| 'A friend is helping me'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ijeña hemiol gotejo suevo | |||
| Ijen-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG | |||
| 'Ijen sent me a new cap'}} | |||
If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient). | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| castil travas llo morrajoto | |||
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG | |||
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ul as çava avro lla çella | |||
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG | |||
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}} | |||
The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. '''S''' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], '''A''' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], '''P''' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], '''D''' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], '''T''' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and '''R''' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |
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