Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences: Difference between revisions

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences (view source)

Revision as of 15:50, 16 February 2020

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 == 1-25 ==
-# The sun shines.
+:; The sun shines.
-#: sun shines{{ref|Topic fronting|a}}
+:: sun[FOC] shines
-#: shines the sun{{ref|Topic fronting|b}}
+:: shines sun
-# The sun is shining.
+Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
-# The sun shone.
+:; The sun is shining.
-# The sun will shine.
+:: shine stands sun
-# The sun has been shining.
+Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
-# The sun is shining again.
+:; The sun shone.
-# The sun will shine tomorrow.
+:: shine-PST sun
-# The sun shines brightly.
+Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
-# The bright sun shines.
+:; The sun will shine.
-# The sun is rising now.
+:: shine needs sun
-# All the people shouted.
+Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
-# Some of the people shouted.
+:; The sun has been shining.
-# Many of the people shouted twice.
+:: shine stands sun
-# Happy people often shout.
+:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
-# The kitten jumped up.
+Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal and idiomatic alternative is presented in the second sentence.
-# The kitten jumped onto the table.
+:; The sun is shining again.
-# My little kitten walked away.
+:: shine again stands sun
-# It's raining.
+:; The sun will shine tomorrow.
-# The rain came down.
+:: shine tomorrow needs sun
-# The kitten is playing in the rain.
+:; The sun shines brightly.
-# The rain has stopped.
+:: shine brightly sun
-# Soon the rain will stop.
+:; The sun is rising now.
-# I hope the rain stops soon.
+:: rise now stands sun
-# Once wild animals lived here.
+Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
-# Slowly she looked around.
+:; The bright sun shines.
+:: shine sun bright
+Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
+:; All the people shouted.
+:: shout-PST all people
+:; Some of the people shouted.
+:: shout-PST some people
+:; Many of the people shouted twice.
+:: shout-PST twice some people
+Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
+:; Happy people often shout.
+:: shout often people happy
+:: tend_to_do people happy shout
+Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
+:; The kitten jumped up.
+:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
+:; My little kitten walked away.
+:; It's raining.
+:; The rain came down.
+:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
+:; The rain has stopped.
+:; Soon the rain will stop.
+:; I hope the rain stops soon.
+:; Once wild animals lived here.
+:; Slowly she looked around.
-* {{ref/note|Topic fronting|a}} {{ref/note|Topic fronting|b}} Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb.
+{{ref/note|Topic fronting|1}}
 == 26-50 ==