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| {{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}} | | {{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}} |
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| | Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language. |
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| XP → (YP) X' | | XP → (YP) X' |
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| X' → (ZP) X' or X' (ZP) | | X' → (ZP) X' ''or'' X' (ZP) |
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| X' → (WP) X | | X' → (WP) X |
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| Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.
| | === Structure rules === |
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| NP → N'
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| N' → (PP) N or N (PP)
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| N' → (PP|AdjP) N
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| === Main clause === | |
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| (Subject) Verb Phrase
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| Primary word order is SOV. A clause can be embedded into another clause by moving its subject to the end of the clause. Thus
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| : sheep wool have not
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| becomes
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| : wool have not sheep
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| CHANGES: Determiners should go after the noun.
| | Phrase heads are in '''bold''', adjuncts are in {{color|gray|gray}}, optional elements are surrounded by (parentheses) or, if they can be repeated, by {curly braces} |
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| === Main clause === | | ==== Sentence ==== |
| | * CP |
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| Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.
| | ==== Complement Phrase (CP) ==== |
| | * (NP) VP ('''C''') |
| | * VP '''NP''' — Subject backing |
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| === The verb phrase === | | ==== Verb Phrase (VP) ==== |
| | * (NP/DP/CP) (NP/DP/CP) '''V''' {{color|gray|{PP/AdvP} }} (Aux) |
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| The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:
| | ==== Noun Phrase (NP) ==== |
| | * {{color|gray|{PP} }} (PP/AdjP) '''N''' {{color|gray|{Adj} }} |
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| : (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)
| | ==== Determiner phrase (DP) ==== |
| | * (NP) '''D''' |
| | * (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|s|Subject, possessor, specifier}}</sub> (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|o|Object, possessee, complement}}</sub> '''D''' — Possessive construction |
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| Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
| | ==== Postposition Phrase (PP) ==== |
| Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:
| | * (NP/DP/CP) '''PP''' |
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| : Time – Manner – Place
| | ==== Adverb Phrase (AdvP) ==== |
| | * (AdvP) '''AdvP''' |
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| Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.
| | ==== Adjective Phrase (AdjP) ==== |
| | * (AdvP/PP) '''AdjP''' |
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| Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.
| | ==== Conjunction Phrase (ConjP) ==== |
| | * XP/ConjP XP '''Conj''' |
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| == Grammar == | | == Grammar == |