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|familycolor=dodellic | |familycolor=dodellic | ||
|fam1=[[Idavic]] | |fam1=[[Idavic]] | ||
|setting = [[Verse: | |fam2=[[Netagic]] | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]] | |||
|iso3= | |iso3= | ||
|notice= | |notice= | ||
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*Verb-initial syntax | *Verb-initial syntax | ||
*Split-ergativity | *Split-ergativity | ||
==Todo== | |||
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)? | |||
yubmă = aroma | |||
Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?) | |||
==About== | ==About== | ||
===External history=== | ===External history=== | ||
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===Internal history=== | ===Internal history=== | ||
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, | Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]). | ||
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality. | Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality. | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
/i ʉ e ɵ | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! rowspan="2" |Front | |||
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a | ! colspan="2" |Central | ||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/ | |||
| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/ | |||
| '''uı''' /ʉ/ | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close-mid | |||
| '''i, eı''' /e/ | |||
| '''ă''' /ə/ | |||
| '''oı''' /ɵ/ | |||
| '''o''' /o/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| '''aı, äı''' /æ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ä''' /a/ | |||
| '''a''' /ɒ/ | |||
|} | |||
The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/. | |||
====Umlaut==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!normal | |||
|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa | |||
|- | |||
!umlauted | |||
|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı | |||
|} | |||
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa | |||
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement | TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement | ||
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**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/ | **ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/ | ||
**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/ | **c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/ | ||
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/ | *Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/ | ||
*Other resonants: | *Other resonants: | ||
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===Gradation=== | ===Gradation=== | ||
There are | There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone. | ||
====Simple consonants==== | ====Simple consonants==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' | ||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc | || ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc | || ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr'' || ''gyy'' || ''gww''--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc | || ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong--> | ||
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc | || ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/) | || PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub> | || P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub> | || P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub> | || P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/ | *R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/ | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc | || ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../ || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc | || ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../ || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg'' /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../ | || ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg'' /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Sibilant-stop clusters==== | ====Sibilant-stop clusters==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc | || ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong--> | ||
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc | || ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian. | Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian. | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. | Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive. | ||
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale' | |||
|- | |||
! case | |||
! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/ | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone' | |||
|- | |||
! case | |||
! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/ | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Declension=== | |||
====Possessive markers==== | ====Possessive markers==== | ||
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case. | Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case. | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Independent pronouns==== | ====Independent pronouns==== | ||
====Pronominal suffixes==== | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in | |||
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Suffixes and stem changes==== | ====Suffixes and stem changes==== | ||
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Shalaian as major loan source? | Shalaian as major loan source? | ||
[[Category:Idavic languages]] |
edits