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→‎Distance from reference time
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====Distance from reference time====
====Distance from reference time====
The distance from the reference time can be indicated by adding time specifiers after the tense or aspect marker and then introducing the rest of the sentence with '''to'''. The forms with '''e-''' indicate distance from the present ('''eti''' "ago", '''etiezo''' "for", '''eka''' "in") while the forms without '''e-''' may indicate distance from the reference time ('''ti''' "before", '''ka''' "later").
The precise distance from the reference time can be indicated using adverbial clauses with '''lo''' followed by the unit of time, '''(e)ti''' or '''(e)ka''' and an ordinal number, which begins with ''t-''.




::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|eti}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|euo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''li''' || '''zaxa'''
| '''li''' || '''zaxa''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|lo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ti}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|teuo}}'''  
|-
|-
| be.PST || be.two || be.year || thus || begin || be.ill
| begin || be.ill || ADV || be.year || be.PRF || be.second
|-
|-
| "was" || "be two" || "be year" || "then" || "become" || "be ill"
| "becomes" || "is ill" || "while" || "is year" || "is earlier" || "is second"
|-
|-
| colspan="5" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Two years ago,}} s/he fell ill.''
| colspan="6" | ''S/he fell ill {{color|MediumBlue|two years before/ago}}.''
|}
|}
This sentence could be translated somewhat more literally as "S/he fell ill while there was the second previous year." Note that replacing '''ti''' with '''eti''' would force the interpretation with "ago" as it would set the reference time to the present moment.




::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
|| ... || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kas}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ahu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|noila}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''bilo'''
|| Bie || bilo || '''{{color|MediumBlue|lo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|noila}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ka}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|tahu}}'''
|-
|-
| || be.going to || be.one || be.month || thus || die
| be.PFV || die || ADV || be.month || be.PROS || be.first
|-
|-
| || "be going to" || "be one" || "be month" || "then" || "die"
| "is completed" || "dies" || "while" || "is month" || "is about to" || "is first"
|-
|-
| ||colspan="5" |  ''{{color|MediumBlue|One month later,}} s/he died.''
| colspan="6" |  ''S/he died {{color|MediumBlue|one month later}}. / S/he will die {{color|MediumBlue|in one month}}.''
|}
|}
A more literally translation could be "S/he died while there was the second coming year." Note again that replacing '''ka''' with '''eka''' would force the interpretation with "in one month" as it would set the reference time to the present moment.
In the following example, in which a duration is specified rather than a specific time, the adverbial clause contains only the length of time.




::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|etiezo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|vane}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''tuhu''' || '''jas''' || '''eni'''
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|tiezo}}''' || '''tuhu''' || '''jas''' || '''eni''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|lo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|vane}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}'''
|-
|-
| be.PST-PRES || be.five || be.year || thus || be.known || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || DAT.1s.ICS
| be.PRF-PRES || be.known || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || DAT.1s.ICS || ADV || be.five || be.year
|-
|-
| "be from the past till now" || "be five" || "be year" || "then" || "be known" || "the person" || "to me"
| "has been till now" || "is known" || "the person" || "to me" || "while" || "are five" || "is year"
|-
|-
| colspan="5" | ''I have known him/her {{color|MediumBlue|for five years}}.'' — [ICS/DOM]
| colspan="5" | ''I have known him/her {{color|MediumBlue|for five years}}.'' — [ICS/DOM]
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Another method of specifying time into the past or future is by creating an adverbial clause with '''lo''' followed by the unit of time, '''(e)ti''' or '''(e)ka''' and the number.
Another means of conveying the same information is to place the time specifiers after the tense or aspect marker and then introducing the rest of the sentence with '''to'''.
 
 
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|eti}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|euo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''li''' || '''zaxa'''
|-
| be.PST || be.two || be.year || thus || begin || be.ill
|-
| "was" || "be two" || "be year" || "then" || "become" || "be ill"
|-
| colspan="5" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Two years ago,}} s/he fell ill.''
|}
 
 
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|| ... || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kas}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ahu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|noila}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''bilo'''
|-
| || be.going.to || be.one || be.month || thus || die
|-
| || "is going to" || "is one" || "is month" || "then" || "die"
|-
| ||colspan="5" |  ''{{color|MediumBlue|One month later,}} s/he died.''
|}




::{| cellpadding="2"
::{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|-
| '''li''' || '''zaxa''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|lo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ti}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|euo}}'''  
| '''{{color|MediumBlue|tiezo}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|vane}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|laqu}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|to}}''' || '''tuhu''' || '''jas''' || '''eni'''
|-
|-
| begin || be.ill || ADV || be.year || be.PRF || be.two
| be.PRF-PRES || be.five || be.year || thus || be.known || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || DAT.1s.ICS
|-
|-
| "become" || "be ill" || "while" || "is year" || "is earlier" || "is two"
| "has been till now" || "are five" || "is year" || "then" || "is known" || "the person" || "to me"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Two years ago,}} s/he fell ill.''
| colspan="5" | ''I have known him/her {{color|MediumBlue|for five years}}.'' — [ICS/DOM]
|}
|}


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