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m (→Stems: Conjugation up to date) |
(Big overhaul since a lot of the language has changed in many minor ways.) |
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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''ảhga'' | ||
|pronunciation = [ | |pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə] | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | ||
|familycolor = ? | |familycolor = ? | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' ('' | '''Ash''' (''ảhga'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| a | | a | ||
| ı | |||
| e | | e | ||
| y | | y | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop | Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop. | ||
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|//iʔ. | | {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈu.wi//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ | | → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ | | → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}} | ||
| → '' | | → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div style="clear: both"></div> | <div style="clear: both"></div> | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan="3" | | | colspan="3" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4" | Stem | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Indicative | ! Indicative | ||
| ''''' | | '''''oa''''' | ||
| ''oahda'' | | ''oahda'' | ||
| ''oadna'' | | ''oadna'' | ||
| ''oasda'' | | ''oasda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Optative | ! Optative | ||
| '' | | ''oae'' | ||
| ''oadse'' | |||
| '' | |||
| ''oadne'' | | ''oadne'' | ||
| ''oasde'' | | ''oasde'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====Derived verbs==== | ====Derived verbs==== | ||
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''- | Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-y-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume": | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
! Frequentative | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''oo''''' | |||
| | | ''oyya'' | ||
| '' | | ''odsa'' | ||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ımmõõ'' | ||
| ''emmõõ'' | | ''emmõõ'' | ||
| ''ommõõ'' | | ''ommõõ'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-da'' | | ''-la'', ''-da'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-l'' | ||
| '' | | ''ınsonda'' "where they live; by the house; at home" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| | | ''-go'' | ||
| ''-h'' | | ''-h'' | ||
| ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | | ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| | | ''-ba'' | ||
| ''-o'' | | ''-o'' | ||
| '' | | ''eahba'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
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| ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | | ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa''. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u>''<br />"I am warm" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you warm?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea''<br />"you are warm" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) emea''<br />"they are warm" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea no''<br />"am I warm?" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) emea no''<br />"are they warm?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said I am warm" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said you are warm" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said you are warm" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said I am warm" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX- | |||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hw</u>ea ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhweas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻsseas | |phrase=ẻsseas e | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=OBS | |||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnah | |phrase=oadnah ảyısããs yo | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnah ảo | |phrase=oadnah ảo ga ảyısãã ma | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG | |||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảhbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC | |||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ẻwıbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo ga bahba med<u>la</u> odsoyya ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog | |||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảhwea yo''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go ảssea''<br />"dogs are watched" | | ''bahba go ảssea yo''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã | | ''sãã da ảhwea yo''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã | | ''*sãã da ảssea yo''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''ảo | | ''ảo ga <u>bahba</u> ỏhwea e''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | | ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea e''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''ảo | | ''ảo ga <u>sãã</u> ỏhwoo e''<br />"Ao was drinking water" | ||
| ''<u>sãã | | ''<u>sãã da</u> ảo ỏhwoo e''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[owahdah bahba go | |phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsyagŋas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS | |||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=osya bahba go ẻsyagŋas no | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''laa'' | | ''laa'' | ||
| ''la'' | | ''la'', ''da'' | ||
| :STAT | | :STAT | ||
| General stative (indefinite or permanent) | | General stative (indefinite or permanent) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''goo'' | | ''goo'' | ||
| ''go'' | | ''go'', ''ŋo'' | ||
| :ACT | | :ACT | ||
| General active (temporary or dynamic) | | General active (temporary or dynamic) | ||
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| Air and weather | | Air and weather | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''boa'' | ||
| ''bo'' | | ''bo'' | ||
| :CRESC | | :CRESC | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ bo | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
|translation=hair (on the head) | |translation=hair (on the head) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ da | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=head (on the body) | |translation=head (on the body) | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=OBS | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo sal sãã | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo sal laa | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
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===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''- | Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''-l'' serve to mark the possessor of a possessum. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo | |phrase=ảo gal osee go | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao") | ||
|translation=Ao's | |||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻhhodses | |phrase=ẻhhodses | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | |translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻhhodses no | |phrase=ẻhhodses no | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=perhaps I should eat something | |translation=perhaps I should eat something | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no | |phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
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===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as '' | Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mea'' "fire" → ''nayya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green". | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=nayya bahba go | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog |
edits