@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ouřefr''' /ˈəʊr̝ɛfə/ (''Ourefŕnie cítnŕ'' /əʊr̝ɛfəɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an [[Idavic]] language belonging to the Nabŋaic branch. It is inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, and Japanese (but mainly by the first two). It is the most widely spoken Nabŋaic language and is related to [[Nabbrzé]], which is the Mandarin/Russian counterpart.
+'''Řeuŋnie''' is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese.
-Ouřefr is the international lingua franca in its home world. It is native to the island nation of Ouřefie, where it evolved in isolation from other Nabŋaic languages, and is also official in the large continental country of Lo'eďeu, and thus has some accentual variation.
+==todo==
+Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains'
-Unlike Nabbrzé, Ouřefr has more loans from the classical language [[Netagin]], a fellow Idavic language.
+===Words===
+* 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj
+* ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold
+* ''čeudj'' 'town'
+* oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful
+* uistř 'self'
+* uistřeft  'independence'
+* beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale'
+* čétijn 'always'
+* wachop = to approach
+* wach- = near
-==todo==
 ===Diachronics===
 #OSL
 #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
 #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
-#Old Ouřefr ć dź ś ź merge into c dz s z
+#Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
 #n- > l- (unless assimilating)
 ==Test==
-''Woeŋanies uistřivt melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz woþmyce bacirňr řeunie aš ŋávej těmzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
+''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 21: / Line 31: @@
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|
-! colspan="2" scope="col"|Bilabial
+! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial
-! scope="col"|Dental
 ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
 ! colspan="2"  scope="col"|Palatal(ized)
 ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
-! scope="col"|Glottal
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
 | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
-|
 | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
 | colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/
-| colspan="2"|'''ng''' /ŋ/
+|colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
-|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
 |'''p''' /p/
 |'''b''' /b/
-|
 |'''t''' /t/
 |'''d''' /d/
@@ Line 46: / Line 51: @@
 |'''k''' /k/
 |
-|''' ' ''' /ʔ/
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
 |'''f''' /f/
 |'''v''' /v/
-|'''þ''' /θ/
+|'''s, š''' /s/
-|'''s''' /s/
+|'''z, ž''' /z/
-|'''z''' /z/
+| ||
-| || '''ř''' /ʒ/
 |'''ch''' /x/
-|'''g''' /ɣ/
+|'''g''' /{{gh}}/
-|'''h''' /h/
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
 | colspan="2"|
+|'''c, č''' /ts/
 |
-|'''c''' /ts/
-|
 | colspan="2"|
 | colspan="2"|
-|
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap
+| colspan="2"|
+| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/
+| colspan="2"|
+| colspan="2"|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill
 | colspan="2"|
-|
+| colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/
-| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
 | colspan="2"|
 | colspan="2"|
-|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
-| colspan="2"|'''w''' /w/
+| colspan="2"|'''w''' /(Dutch w)/
-|
 | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/
-| colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
+| colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/, '''lj''' /ʎ/
-| colspan="2"|
+|
 |
 |}
-'''m ŋ''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ŋ́''' and have the same length as long vowels.
+'''m n ŋ l r''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ ŕ''' and have the same length as long vowels.
 Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
@@ Line 92: / Line 95: @@
 Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
-/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L possible
+/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible
-Realizing /c ɟ ɳ/ as [tʲ dʲ nʲ] is a feature of sung Ouřefr.
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular.
-'''ř''' is pronounced like the Czech ''ř'' in dialects or certain posh accents. The same dialects keep '''ć ś ź''' distinct, whereas the standard language no longer does.
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
 ====Notes on consonant diachronics====
-Like Nabbrzé, Ouřefr shows debuccalization of Proto-Nabŋaic *g to /ɣ/ similar to Dutch and Czech.
+Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
-Proto-Nabŋaic *ɬ has shifted to '''þ''' /θ~ð/.
-Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v''' while it stayed as /b/ in Nabbrzé. /p b/ are loan phonemes.
-Proto-Nabŋaic *ť ď has shifted to '''c z'''.
+Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''.
 ===Vowels===
-Ouřefr vowel orthography is more conservative, and reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift.
+The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie.
-'''a e/je i/y o u á é í/ý ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj ɔː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/
+'''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ/
 Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/.
@@ Line 119: / Line 118: @@
 ====Notes on vowel diachronics====
-Ouřefr has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Unlike in Nabbrzé, some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ouřefr more consonant clusters.
+Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters.
 Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
-Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ouřefr u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
+Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
 Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
-*Old Ouřefr /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''reuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ouřefr ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*rēŋu''.
+*Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''.
-*Old Ouřefr long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
+*Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
 Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords.
 Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/.
-As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''; they are cognate to Nabbrzé ''-arz/-árz''.
+As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''.
-===Pitch accent===
-Long vowels take two morae; downstep as in Japanese
-*''vác'' (''vaàc'') /vaꜜ.ats/ 'basil'
-*''vác'' (''vàac'') /va.atsꜜ/ 'feather'
-*''vác'' (''vaac'') /va.ats/ 'stump'
-Accent is not distinguished in the native orthography except in dictionaries; hence all three words above will be transliterated ''bác'', unless disambiguation is needed.
 ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
@@ Line 147: / Line 137: @@
 *hard u ~ soft i
 *hard a ~ soft ě
-*hard ý ~ soft í
+*hard ei ~ soft ij
 *hard á ~ soft ie/eu
 *hard ou ~ soft eu
 *hard ui ~ soft eu
 *hard oe ~ soft ie
-*hard ú ~ soft í
+*hard ú ~ soft ij
 Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
-==Morphology==
+==Syntax==
-Inflectional morphology is Slavic and Germanic-inspired; clitics and syntax are Japanese-inspired
+Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.
-===Nouns===
-Ouřefr nouns are classified into two genders: animate and inanimate, and they inflect for case. Similarly to Slavic languages, the case affixes are fusional, encoding both case and number.
-The inflectional cases are as follows. Other grammatical relations are expressed using postpositions and clitics.
+==Poetry==
-*nominative (Japanese ''ga'')
+Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
-*accusative (Japanese ''wo'')
-*genitive (Japanese ''no'')
-*dative (Japanese ''ni'')
-*allative (Japanese ''e'')
-*comitative/"and" (Japanese ''to'')
-*instrumental/locative (Japanese ''de'')
-====Declension classes====
-The declension classes are:
-*''-a'' declension (usually animate)
-*''-e'' declension (usually animate)
-*''-aw/-ui-'' (verbal nouns)
-*hard consonant declension (usually inanimate)
-*soft consonant declension (usually inanimate, but default for loans ending in a consonant)
-*Inanimate vowel nouns (default for loans ending in a vowel)
-*''-ŕ'' declension
-*''-ýn/-ín'' declension (adjectival noun)
-*''-é/-ie'' declension (adjectival noun)
-There are more declension classes than in related languages such as [[Nabbrzé]]; this is because of vowel changes after soft consonants and subsequent depalatalization.
-eřega (a) 'bear'
+==Sample text==
-*nom: eřega, eřegu
+===UDHR===
-*acc: eřeze, eřegý
+''Tkanje beušij na giečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš goezách mienic.''
-*gen: eřegu, eřegý
-*dat: eřegy, eřegas
-*all: eřegy, eřegas
-*ins/loc: eřezel, eřegata
-*com: eřeguf, eřegaf
-roustje (a) 'puppy'
+[[Category:Languages]]
-*nom: roustje, rousti
+[[Category:Conlangs]]
-*acc: rousti, roustí
-*gen: rousti, roustí
-*dat: rousti, roustjes
-*all: rousti, roustjes
-*ins/loc: roustil, roustjeta
-*com: roustif, roustíf
-wecsaw (i) 'action'
-*nom: wecsaw, wecsui
-*acc: wecsui, wecsawí
-*gen: wecsui, wecsawí
-*dat: wecsui, wecsuis
-*all: wecsui, wecsuis
-*ins/loc: wecsuil, wecsuita
-*com: wecsuif, wecsuif/wecsawíf
-===Verbs and adjectives===
-''vej-'' for negation; generally like Korean, except verbs also inflect for the animacy of the subject.
-Conjugation classes:
-*''-as'' verbs
-*''-is'' verbs
-*''-es''/''-ěs'' verbs
-*''-s'' verbs
-*irregular: "to do" (added to foreign words to verb them)
-*irregular: "to be (copula)"
-*irregular: "to exist"
-===Clitics===
-===Numerals===
-===Derivational morphology===
-====Native====
-*''-oelie'' '-ess'
-*''-ytj/-itj/-tje'' diminutive
-*''-ech/-ch'' verbal noun
-*''-vŕ'' patient
-*''-fa'' agent
-*''-koek'' instrument
-*''-ář'' diminutive
-*''-yCe/-iCe'' (C = redup) diminutive; not very productive
-*''-ngoh'' abstract noun
-*''-myc'' (soft) abstract noun
-====Borrowed====
-==Syntax==
-Lifted from Korean and Japanese.
-==Sample text==

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