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classical language in Russia and Central Asia
'''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
Switch everything to Brethren spelling
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh gh?) -ḥ = [x] and -ṃ = [ŋ]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}
 
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
 
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
 
PIE oey > eg
 
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
 
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
 
initial e- > je-
 
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
 
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
 
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
 
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
TODO: Dual
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 13: Line 93:
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
 
=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
Line 27: Line 167:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrká''||''vrké''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštání''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaše''|| ''vrkajou'' ||''vrkou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agňou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnájou'' ||''loušnou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštajou'' ||''ouštou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma'' ||''vrkaṃ''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrká''||''vrkouḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštání''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma'' ||''vrkaṃ''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéma'' ||''vrkéḥ''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnámi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''ouštá'' || ''ouštéma'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkajou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''loušné''||''loušnájou'' ||''loušnáš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštajou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrká!'' ||''vrké!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáh!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštání!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}


=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}


=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=2| ''mati'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňé''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|''mať'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mař'' || ''maríní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéše'' ||''agňou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh''
|''maťáj'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''mařej'' ||''mařéṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''mař'' ||''maríní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařéṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňémi''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí'' ||''žmenéch''
|''matijá'' ||''maťémi''
|''marí'' ||''mařémi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agníš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|''maťé'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' ||''maríš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' ||''agňé!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!''
|''maťi!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''maře!''||''maríní!''
|}
|}


=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}


=== s-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
! colspan=2| ''džouštu'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''madhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
==== Feminine ====
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjavé''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''džouštu'' ||''džouštavaḥ''
|''madhu'' || ''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouš'' ||''véjavou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštavou''
|''madhouš'' ||''madhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavej'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhavej'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštúḥ''
|''madhu'' ||''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhouḥ'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjumi''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''džouštujá'' ||''džouštumi''
|''madhú'' ||''madhumi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''džouštáu'' ||''džouštúš''
|''madháu'' ||''madhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!'' ||''véjavé!''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''džouštou!'' ||''džoustavaḥ!''
|''madhou!''||''madhúní!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
=== Personal ===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
! gen.
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
! dat.
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
! abl.
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
! loc.
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
|-
! acc.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
! poss.
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
! dat.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
|-
! loc.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tat'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
|  
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
|  
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
|  
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''
|-
|-
! abl.-loc.
! loc.
|
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
=== o-stem adjectives ===
===Present system===
==== Hard ====
{{col-begin}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{{col-2}}
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
Primary endings
|-
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí''  ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
 
==== Soft ====
 
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| -ṃ || -va || -ma || -mé || -vadhé || -madhé
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| -š || -ta || -te || -šé || -tahé || -dhvé
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| -t || -ta || -nt || -té || -tahé || -nté
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
{{col-2}}
=== Participles ===
Secondary endings
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| (vowel change) || -va || -ma || -nén || -vadhé || -madhé
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| -ḥ || -ta || -te || -šé || -taha || -dhva
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| -Ø || -ta || -n || -eta || -taha || -anta
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


Athematic: dadháṃ, dadháš, dadhát,  
==Verbs==
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
 
== Numerals ==
<poem>
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
ſſeſſ = 6
septa - 7
aſſtů = 8
gnewa = 9
deſſa = 10
géwurdeſſa = 11
dwůrdeſſa = 12
třjrdeſſa = 13
četurdeſſa = 14
penčurdeſſa = 15
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16
septurdeſſa = 17
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18
gnewurdeſſa = 19
wjžati = 20
géwurwjžati = 21
třjžat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
ſſežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aſſtůžat = 80
gnewažat = 90
ſſata = 100
žílj = 1000
</poem>
 
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.)
 
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.
 
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.''
 
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Awi geſſwéče'''


Thematic o/e ablaut:
''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.''
''bharti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bharaṃ, (tú) bharaš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bharet, (vevá) bharava, (juvá) bharata, (sá, sé, té) bharata, (véḥ) bharama, (júḥ) bharate, (sí, saḥ, tá) bharant''


root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, anešta, anešma, anešte, anešant
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]


Root laryngeal verbs merge into one of the other categories
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''


-eh₂ti: ''daráti'' (to gift): ''daráṃ, daráš, darát, daráva, daráta, daráta, daráma, daráte, daránt''
''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.''


-yéti, -yeti: ''džhaďhjeti'' (to pray, to request): ''džhaďhjeṃ, džhaďhješ, džhaďhjet, džhaďhjeva, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjema, džhaďhjete, džhaďhjent''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)


-éyeti: ''hařejeti'' (to boil): ''hařejeṃ, hařeješ, hařejet, hařejeva, hařejeta, hařejeta, hařejema, hařejete, hařejent''
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.


''bhúti'' (to be): ''asmi, aši, ast, asva, asta, asta, asma, aste, sant''
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)


==Sample text==
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ašvé-če'''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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