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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. | |||
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi? | |||
==Phonology== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | |||
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"|Plosive | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| '''č''' /tʃ/ | |||
| '''ť''' /c/ | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /b/ | |||
| '''d''' /d/ | |||
| '''dž''' /dʒ/ | |||
| '''ď''' /ɟ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>breathy</small> | |||
| '''bh''' /bʱ/ | |||
| '''dh''' /dʱ/ | |||
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/ | |||
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
| [f] | |||
| '''s''' /s/ | |||
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''v''' /v/ | |||
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ || || '''h''' /ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | |||
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | |||
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | |||
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids | |||
PIE oey > eg | |||
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | ||
Line 41: | Line 74: | ||
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ||
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mjs, mjnes- 'month' | |||
ja > je? | |||
=== Iotation === | |||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | |||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place. | |||
=== o-stems === | === o-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ||
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month | ! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké'' | |''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké'' | ||
|''loušná''||''loušné''||'' | |''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech'' | ||
|'' | |''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vrkaš''|| '' | |''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou'' | ||
|'' | |''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou'' | ||
|'' | |''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''vrkej'' ||'' | |''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|''loušnáj'' ||'' | |''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | ||
|'' | |''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||'' | |''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch'' | ||
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||'' | |''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch'' | ||
|'' | |''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|'' | |''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | ||
|'' | |''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vrký'' ||'' | |''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí'' ||''vrkéch'' | ||
|''loušnajá'' ||'' | |''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi'' | ||
|'' | |''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrké'' || '' | |''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš'' | ||
|''loušné''||'' | |''loušné''||''loušnáu'' ||''loušnáš'' | ||
|'' | |''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!'' ||''vrké!'' | |''vrče!'' ||''vrků!'' ||''vrké!'' | ||
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||'' | |''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!'' | ||
|'' | |''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé'' | |''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé'' | ||
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||'' | |''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch'' | ||
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří'' | |''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''agňéš'' || '' | |''agňéš'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agňou'' | ||
|'' | |''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou'' | ||
|''mařéš'' || '' | |''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh'' | ||
|''maťáj'' || '' | |''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh'' | ||
|''mařej'' || '' | |''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||'' | |''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | ||
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || '' | |''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích'' | ||
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | |''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh'' | ||
|'' | |''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh'' | ||
|'' | |''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''agní'' || '' | |''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch'' | ||
|''matijá'' || '' | |''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi'' | ||
|''maří'' || '' | |''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''agňé'' || '' | |''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš'' | ||
|''maťé'' || '' | |''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš'' | ||
|''mařé'' || '' | |''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | ||
|'' | |''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!'' | ||
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | |''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||'' | |''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''patních'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patnijou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''patní'' || '' | |''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||'' | |''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patnijá'' || '' | |''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patnijé'' || '' | |''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||'' | |''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | ||
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || '' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|''žouštaváj'' || '' | |''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhavej'' || '' | |''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | ||
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|'' | |''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | ||
|''žouštujá'' || '' | |''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi'' | ||
|''medhú'' || '' | |''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|''žouštáu'' || '' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu'' || '' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | ||
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||'' | |''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!'' | ||
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | |''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== n-stems === | === n-stems === | ||
=== Irregular nouns === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''žmenaš''|| '' | |''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''žmenej'' ||'' | |''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||'' | |''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''žmený'' ||'' | |''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí'' ||''žmenéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''žmeni, žmené'' || '' | |''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | |''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== ma-stems === | === ma-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vnama''||'' | |''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou'' ||''vnamenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vnama'' ||'' | |''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou'' ||''vnamenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí'' ||''vnamenéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''vnama!'' ||'' | |''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!'' ||''vnamená!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou'' ||''andhesabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou'' ||''andhesabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí'' ||''andheséch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''andh!'' ||''andhesé!'' ||''andhesá!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud' | |||
=== Other athematics === | === Other athematics === | ||
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular '' | Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun. | ||
=== -ýr nouns === | === -ýr nouns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr'' | ||
==== Masculine ==== | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patreš''|| '' | |''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''patrej'' ||'' | |''patrej'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||'' | |''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''patréch'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patrý'' ||'' | |''patrý'' ||''patrbhí'' ||''patrbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patři, patré'' || '' | |''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | ==== Feminine ==== | ||
{| class= | |||
! | === Irregulars === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
| '' | |''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
| | |''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
| | |''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
| | |''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |||
| | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
| | |''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Pronouns== | ||
== | === Personal === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | |||
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! nom. | ||
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| '' | | ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! dat. | ||
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ins. | ||
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! loc. | ||
| | | ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! nom. | ||
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! gen. | ||
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| '' | | ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! dat. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ins. | |||
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí'' | |||
'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! loc. | ||
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! gen. | ||
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! dat. | ||
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| '' | | ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ins. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | |||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form. | |||
=== Demonstrative === | |||
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral) | |||
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach | |||
==Adjectives== | |||
{| class= | === o-stem adjectives === | ||
==== Hard ==== | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered') | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| fem. | ||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | ||
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |||
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | ||
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh'' | |||
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch'' | |||
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh'' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch'' | |||
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi'' | |||
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |||
| | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš'' | |||
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | |||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |||
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ==== Soft ==== | ||
=== u-stem adjectives === | |||
{| class= | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus) | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | ! | ||
! | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
! colspan=3| fem. | |||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé'' | ||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou'' | |||
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh'' | |||
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch'' | |||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | ||
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh'' | |||
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi'' | ||
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi'' | |||
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš'' | |||
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé'' | |||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Participles === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
{| class= | |+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | ! | ||
! | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
! colspan=3| fem. | |||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou'' | ||
| | |''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou'' | ||
| | |''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Dative''' | |||
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | |||
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | ||
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
| '' | |''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch'' | ||
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi'' | |||
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš'' | |||
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš'' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | |||
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}} | |||
== Numerals == | |||
<poem> | |||
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1 | |||
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2 | |||
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3 | |||
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4 | |||
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5 | |||
šeš = 6 | |||
septa - 7 | |||
aštů = 8 | |||
jneva = 9 | |||
deša = 10 | |||
jévurdeša = 11 | |||
dvůrdeša = 12 | |||
třírdeša = 13 | |||
četurdeša = 14 | |||
penčurdeša = 15 | |||
šešurdeša = 16 | |||
septurdeša = 17 | |||
aštůrdeša = 18 | |||
jnevurdeša = 19 | |||
vížati = 20 | |||
jévurvížati = 21 | |||
třížat = 30 | |||
četuržat = 40 | |||
pendžat = 50 | |||
šežžat = 60 | |||
septažat = 70 | |||
aštůžat = 80 | |||
jnevažat = 90 | |||
šata = 100 | |||
žílí = 1000 | |||
</poem> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.) | |||
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | |||
*''Džená | *''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | ||
*'' | *''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | ||
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | |||
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | |||
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | |||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
=== | === UDHR === | ||
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.'' | |||
=== Ilithian textbook === | |||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
''Ši vír jest. Vír | ''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.'' | ||
This is a man. The man is called | This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
'''Avi | '''Avi ješvéče''' | ||
''Avi, | ''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' === | |||
'''Ilithian''' | |||
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.'' | |||
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | |||
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work. | |||
'''Czech original''' (Komenský) | |||
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | |||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]] |
edits